Chapter 10 Notes - Cell Growth and Division

Kinase

________ (help do)- an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another when activated.

Cancer

________- the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Apoptosis

________- programmed cell death.

Centromere

________- a region of the condensed chromosome that looks pinched, where sister chromatids are held together.

Telophase

________- a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell; nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to form → chromosomes begin to uncoil → spindle fibers break apart.

Chemotherapy

________- use of certain drugs to kill actively dividing cells.

Cytokinesis

________- the process that divides the cell membrane and the cytoplasm and its contents; the result is two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

Anaphase

________- the centromeres divide, the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids away from each other and to opposite sides of the cell.

G1

A cell spends most of its time in ________.

Binary Fission

________- the asexual reproduction of a single- celled organism by which the cell divides into two cells of the same size.

Asexual Reproduction

________- the production of offspring from a single parent, does not involve the joining of gametes.

Interphase

During ________- DNA is loosely organized (not condensed, looks like spaghetti)

Vegetative reproduction

________- involves the modification of a stem or underground structure of the parent organism; offspring often stay connected to original organism.

Prophase

________- (longest phase) chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes, each consists of two identical sister chromatids → nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears → centrioles replicate and begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell → spindle fibers (organized microtubules) grow from centrioles and radiate toward the center of the cell.

Metaphase

________- (shortest phase) spindle fibers attach to a protein structure on the centromere of each chromosome and align the chromosomes along the cell equator, the middle of the cell.

Zygote

________- a single fertilized egg your body begins as.

Mitosis

________- the division of the nucleus and its contents.

Prokaryotes

________ do not have nuclei or spindle fibers, less DNA than eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin

________- the complex of protein and DNA that makes up the chromosome chromatid- one- half of a duplicated chromosome.

Pluripotent

________-"can do most things "can grow into any cell type except for totipotent stem cells.

Histones

________- a group of proteins each of your chromosomes is associated at almost all times during the cell cycle.

Fragmentation

________- a parent organism splits into two pieces, each of which can grow into a new organism.

Carcinogens

________- substances known to produce or promote development of cancer.

Telomeres

________- the ends of DNA molecules form these structures; make out of repeating nucleotides that do not form genes → prevent ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other and the loss of genes.

cell division

The structure of the short, rod- like chromosome makes it possible to separate DNA precisely during ________.

Totipotent

________-"can do everything "can grow into any other cell types; these consist of only a fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few divisions of an embryo.

parent organism

Budding- a small projection grows on the surface of the ________, forming a separate new individual.

Tumors

________- disorganized clumps that cancer cells form.

Proteins

________ must access specific genes for a cell to make specific proteins or to copy the entire DNA sequence.

Benign tumor

________- the cancer cells typically remain clustered together.

Malignant tumor

________- some of the cancer cells can break away or metastasize from the tumor.

Radiation therapy

________- use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

mitosis

the division of the nucleus and its contents

prophase

(longest phase) chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes, each consists of two identical sister chromatids → nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears → centrioles replicate and begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell → spindle fibers (organized microtubules) grow from centrioles and radiate toward the center of the cell

metaphase

(shortest phase) spindle fibers attach to a protein structure on the centromere of each chromosome and align the chromosomes along the cell equator, the middle of the cell

anaphase

the centromeres divide, the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids away from each other and to opposite sides of the cell

telophase

a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell; nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to form → chromosomes begin to uncoil → spindle fibers break apart

cytokinesis

the process that divides the cell membrane and the cytoplasm and its contents; the result is two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell

animal cells

the membrane forms a furrow (trench) that is pulled inward by tiny filaments (drawstring)

plant cells

membrane cannot pinch because of the cell wall; a cell plate forms between the two nuclei → a new wall then grows as cellulose and other materials are laid down

chromosome

one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information

histones

a group of proteins each of your chromosomes is associated at almost all times during the cell cycle

sister chromatids

the two identical chromatids

centromere

a region of the condensed chromosome that looks pinched, where sister chromatids are held together

telomeres

the ends of DNA molecules form these structures; make out of repeating nucleotides that do not form genes → prevent ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other and the loss of genes