Everything Cellular Biology

What are atoms?

the smallest unit of matter

What do atoms come together to make?

Compounds

What are the two types of compounds?

Ionic and covalent

Covalent Compounds make up....

Carbon based organic molecules

Carbon Based Organic molecules make up....

Macromolecules ( biomolecules) (molecules of life)
Ex. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Cells are made up of....

biomolecules

Cells are..

the smallest unit of life

Cells come together to form...

Specialized cells

Specialized cells come together to form...

Tissues Ex. Nerves, Muscle, Blood

Tissues form...

Organs

Organs come together to form

Organ systems
Ex. Digestive and Nervous system

Organ systems come together to make

An organism

What are the two types of organisms?

unicellular and multicellular

What are the two different types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What is a prokaryotic cell?

cell with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Ex. Bacteria

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ex. Animals, Plants, Fungi

In a Prokaryotic cell, where is the DNA?

Clustered in the Nucleoid and is in the Cytoplasm

What is cytoplasm?

Watery environment in the cell

In a EuKaryotic cell, where is the DNA?

nucleus

What is Chromatin?

Long, stringy, DNA

What is DNA?

DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
Made up of nucleotides
Always two stranded
Cannot leave the nucleus

What are nucleotides?

building blocks of DNA
four different kinds

What are the different parts of nucleotides?

nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate
When drawn it is circle-pentagon-rectangle

What are the four different nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A=Adenine T=Thymine C=Cytosine G=Guanine
A-T C-G

What is RNA?

RNA= ribonucleic acid
Made up of nucleotides
One Stranded
Can leave the Nucleus

What type of bond connects the phosphate and 5 carbon sugar in a nucleotide?

Covalent Bond

What type of bond connects the nitrogenous bases to one another?
A-T C-G

Hydrogen Bond

What are the four different nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A=Adenine C=Cytosine G=Guanine U=Uracil
A-U C-G

DNA carries...

"genetic" information which is the instructions to make proteins

RNA takes...

the instructions to make proteins to the ribosomes to assemble proteins

Proteins are...

the "work horses" of the cell

Examples of organelles with membranes are....

the Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Golgi Apparatus
Most important- Cell Membrane

What are membranes made up of?

phospholipid bilayer

What are the three types of lipids?

Triglycerides (fats, waxes, oils)
Phospholipids
Steroids

What are Triglycerides made up of? (fats and waxes)

Has three strands of carbons bonded together

What are Triglycerides made up of? (oils)

Has two strands of carbon bonds but one strand of double bounded carbon/kinks

Phospholipids are made up of...

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate

Triglycerides are made up of...

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids come together to make...

A Phospholipid bilayer (were the hydrophobic tails face the inside and the polar head group faces out)

Cell membrane is

The gatekeeper of the cell, controls what gets in/out of the cell.
Semi permeable= will let some things pass through easily but other substances need assistance (glucose transport protein) to get across

What are the two types of cell transport?

Passive and Active

Passive cell transport...

Does not require energy

Active cell transport...

Does require energy

What is Diffusion?

A type of passive transport
The movement of a substance from a high area of concentration to an area of low concentration

What does gradient mean?

difference between concentration of substances

What is Osmosis?

Type of passive transport
It is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (cell membrane)

What is Tonicity?

referring to the solute concentration

What is a solute?

the substance that is being dissolved

Water is...

the Universal Solvent

What are Proteins made of?

Long chains of amino acids

What is the basic structure of amino acids?

Carboxyl group and amino functional groups

What makes an amino acid unique?

The presence of a variable, or R group

What are R groups?

R Groups give each amino acid its chemical properties

What are are amino acids linked together by?

Peptide Bonds, forming long polypeptide chains

As polypeptide chains form...

the polypeptide develops multiple levels of structure, which gives the protein its shape

The different levels of a polypeptide are?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What is the Primary Structure of a Polypeptide?

The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

How many different amino acids are there?

20

What is the Secondary Structure of a Polypeptide?

A pleated sheet or helix like structure that a protein chain can form due to hydrogen bond or other chemical attractions between the R groups of other amino acids

What is the Tertiary Structure of a Polypeptide?

The overall shape of a polypeptide. It is created when the secondary structure folds and twists over itself. Held in place by multiple bonds.

At what point is a protein considered a protein?

When the Polypeptide forms the Tertiary Structure they are considered Proteins

When is a Quaternary Structure formed?

When proteins interact with other proteins to form large protein complexes

How are Proteins made?

Protein Synthesis

What determines how proteins are made?

Genes

What are Chaperonins?

A type of proteins that helps in the folding of polypeptide chains (barrel shape)

What are some functions of proteins?

Transporting, signaling, receiving, catalyzing for storing, defending, or movement

What are Enzymes?

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions

What are antibodies?

A protein that binds to foreign objects and destroys them

What is the backbone of the polypeptide made of?

The Carboxyl group and the Amino functional groups

What is Lysis?

Is what happens when Red Blood Cells are placed into pure water and they explode because they take on water so quickly

What is Crenation?

When a Red Blood Cell shrivels up because it is placed in a solution more hyperbolic then itself

What does a Cell Wall do for a plant cell?

Keeps the overall shape even when a plant cell loses all its water

What is Plasmolysis?

When the cell membrane of a plant cell shrivels up because there is no water in the cell

What are the three types of passive transport?

Simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Diffusion from a high concentration to a low concentration with the help of a transport protein

What are the two types of active transport?

Active Transport and Bulk Transport

What is Active Transport?

Moving a substance from low to high (going against the gradient) and requiring the use of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

What is Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP?

Energy that is used in getting a substance in or out of the membrane

What is the structure of ATP?

three phosphates, a 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base (Adenine)
three circles, pentagon, rectangle

What is ATP classified as?

A special nucleotide (can not go into DNA or RNA)

What happens when the bond between the third and second phosphate is broken in ATP?

A lot of energy is created

What is Bulk Transport?

Moving a larger amount of a substance in or out of the cell

How many different types of Bulk Transport are their?

Two: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

What is Endocytosis?

When a large amount of a substance is taken into the cell using a vesicle. Once inside the cell the vesicle merges with a lysosome to digest or break down the contents within the vesicles

What is a Vesicle?

A membrane bound organelle that is used in transporting substances in or out of the cell

What is a Lysosome?

A membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes to break down substances

What is Phagocytosis?

A type of endocytosis when a cell takes in food particles or a pathogen/ bacteria

What is Exocytosis?

The opposite of endocytosis, were a vesicle is used to transport a substance out of the cell

What can be taken out of the cell during exocytosis?

Cell waste or cell products such as hormones, antibodies, etc.

What is Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?

A type of Endocytosis, were specific substances bind to receptors on the outside of the phospholipid bilayer. A vesicle is then formed around the receptors and are taken into the cell.

What is Pinocytosis?

A type of Endocytosis, where large amounts of liquids are taken into the cell. By forming a narrow indention in the phospholipid bilayer where vesicles gather around the indention to take in the liquid.

What do Antibodies do?

They get rid of foreign substances and aid your immune system in making sure you don't get sick. (y-shaped proteins)

How do Antibodies work?

They bind to foreign substances and destroy them

Where do Antibodies start?

In the B Cells and then go to the rest of the body

What do Enzymes (outside of digestion) do?

Speed up chemical reactions (Bind of specific substances and break them down)

What are some examples of Antibodies and what do the examples do?

IgA (protects against inhaled and ingested pathogens), IgG (protects from viral and bacterial infections)

What are some examples of Enzymes and what do the examples do?

Polymerase (synthesize long chains of nucleic acids), Hydrolase (breaks down bonds with water), Helicase (breaks down double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA)

What do Structural Proteins involved in movement do?

They aid in the movement of your muscles

How do Structural Proteins involved in movement, move muscles?

By using actin filaments and myosin

What do Hormone/Messenger Proteins do?

They transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs