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Explain the roots of comparative advantage
Firms produce goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage by responding to input and output prices and choosing to produce the good that earns the highest profits
What are the characteristics that affect the costs of production?
Technology, factor endowment, and natural resources and climate
Autarky
an economy that is self-contained and doesn’t engage in trade with outsiders. the economy neither exports nor imports goods
Imports
Goods or services produced elsewhere, consumed domestically
Exports
Goods or services consumed elsewhere, produced domestically
What happens if the world price is less than the autarkic domestic price?
domestic price decreases to equal world price, and excess demand occurs in the domestic market.
When domestic price is greater than world price what happens?
producers export their goods and services
What happens if the world price is greater than the domestic price?
domestic price increases to equal the world price, and excess supply occurs in the domestic market
Why isn’t there complete specialization?
In the real world, products are not generally produced by one nation due to several reasons:
not everything can be traded internationally
production of many goods involves increasing opportunity cost, so small amounts of production are likely to take place in several countries
tastes for products differ, so countries might have comparative advantages in different sub-types of products
trade agreements between countries
differences in the natural resources, climate, and relative endowments of different areas
Tariff
tax targeted at certain imports, the purpose is to reduce the quantity of imports to protect domestic producers
What are the two effects tariffs impose?
increases the world price for domestic consumers, and decreases the amount of shortage made up by imports
Quota
a limit on the amount of a particular good that can be imported
Quota rents
the additional revenue earned by those who are allowed to import goods