ana300

simple squamous (endothelium, mesothelium)

simple cuboidal, active secretion/absorption in renal tubes

simple columnar (small intestine w/mv, gallbladder w/mv, uterine tubes w/cillia)

pseudostratified (resp tract w/goblet and cillia)

stratified squamous nonkeratinized (internal surfaces like cervix, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum)

stratified squamous keratinized (external surface prevent dehydration)

transitional (dome when empty), bladder

collagen type 3 reticular CT (stroma) in spleen, liver, lymph nodes

elastic CT (squiggly squiggly) resilience

loose areolar CT (superficial fascia, btw muscles, around BV/N, around joint, lamina propria under mucous membrane GI)

dense irregular CT (collagen type 1 in >1 direction, TENSILE strength)
(reticular layer of dermis (2), periosteum, perichondrium, organ/join capsule)

dense regular CT (collagen type 1 in 1 direction tensile strength)
(tendons, ligaments, some ligaments many elastic fibres (ligamentum flavum)

adipose tissue (very vascular, found with loose CT)
(1st dermis papillary and hypodermis, behind eyes around kidney)

hyaline cartilage (collagen type 2 resist compression)
articular (NO PERICHONDRIUM), ribs, nose, trachea rings (yes perichondrium)

elastic cartilage CT2 and elastic (like hyaline but more elastic fibres for greater flexibility and resilience)

pinna, larynx epiglottis (yes perichondrium)

fibrocartilage (CT1&2) (like hyaline but more collagen type 1 Tensile force)

vertebral disc, knee meniscus (NO PERICHONDRIUM)

osteoblast (cuboidal)
osteocyte (in lacuna surrounded by matrix)

osteoclast from monocyte (look like big blob octopus, multinuclear)

osteon
a. cannaliculi
b. central canal and perforating canal lined with endosteum
c. concentric lamellae
d. osteocyte

cartilage part (chondrocytes)

cellular layer of perichondrium (chondroblasts)

fibrous layer of perichondrium (fibroblasts)

compact vs spongy bone

lamella
osteocyte in lacunae

surrounded by endosteum
red stuff in the trabeculae, the white stuff is yellow marrow!!!

zone of reserve—chondrocytes quiescent
zone of proliferation— chondrocytes rapid cell cycle and growth, stacks of small dinner places
zone of hypertrophy— chondrocytes mature (very large lacunae stacks)

zone of calcifying cartilage— chondrocytes die!!! explosions
zone of ossification— endochondral bone formation

skeletal muscle connective tissue

skeletal muscle: epimysium (dense irregular CT)

muscle fascicle: perimysium (dense irregular CT)
muscle fibre: endomysium (loose CT)

LIGHT: I BAND thin actin only
DARK: A BAND thick H zone only + overlap

skeletal muscle fibre

Cross section: many nuclei PERIPHERAL! large fibres that are angular in shape

Myosatellite cells

cardiac muscle

Cross section: CENTRAL nucleus sometimes 2, more endomysium than skeletal

smooth muscle

Cross section: SINGLE central nucleus, some cells no nucleus, smallest cells

ependymal cells in CNS (glia) — ciliated cuboideal cells?

and glial cell nuclei

MULTIPOLAR CNS neuron (nissl substance RER very basophilic)

neuropil very dark pink background (glial cell nuclei)

no satellite cells

no neuronal cell bodies!!
dark things are glial nuclei (astrocyte, microglia, oligo)
also nerve fibre with space for myelin sheath by oligo

PNS SENSORY GANGLIA (GREY MATTER) PSEUDOUNIPOLAR
owls eye ROUND CELL BODY with many many satellite cells around in complete ring

PNS autonomic ganglion (GREY MATTER) MULTIPOLAR
irregular cell bodies with less satellite cells

PNS white patter peripheral nerve

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

axons are the dark dots in the middle

the white spaces are myelin empty, the side black dots are schwann cell nuclei

capillary longitudinal and cross section

neutrophils (3-5 lobes, 50-70% WBC) phagocyte bacteria
eosinophils (bilobed, 2-4% WBC), parasites and allergy, AB-AG

basophils (S shape, <1% WBC), inflammation, allergy
monoctye (kidney shape)
lymphocyte: little cytoplasm, only WBC recirculate, 20-30% diff into b,t,nk

eosinophil (bilobed parasite, allergy)

neutrophil (3 -5 lobes), bacteria phagocytose

Basophil, s shape, inflammation, <1%

monocye, kidney shaped diff into macrophage

lymphocyte, only recirculating, diff into b t nk

LARGE elastic arteries (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, carotids)

tunica media has abundant elastin in fenestrated sheets to modulat BP

Cant see IEL and EEL due to elastin sheets

tunica adventitia has lots vasa vasorum (BV to supply o2)

parts of artery/vein

tunica intima: endothemium, lamina propria, IEL
tunica media: smooth muscle, elastic fibres, EEL
tunica adventitia/externa: dense irr CT, vasa casorum

muscular artery

Tunica media has more smooth muscle, less elastic sheets

can see IEL and EEL

small arteries
3-6 laters smooth muscle

sometimes IEL, NO EEL

arteriole
1-2 layer smooth muscle
NO IEL EEL
thin ill defined tunica externa

artery: thicker tunica media, smaller lumen
vein: Thicker tunica adventia, larger lumen

capillary has endothelial cells and pericytes mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

medium vein— companion to muscular artery

thinner media, thicker adventitia

veins

post capillary venule: endothelial + BM
muscular venules: thin media, thin externa

medium vein: companion to muscular artery, thinner media, thicker adventitia

larger veins: thinner media, thicker adventitia,

thymus
septae

lobule
capsule

thymic cortex: darker staining with many lymphocytes (95% die in positive selection—bind MHC), epithelioreticular cells and macrophages

Medulla: lighter staining, fewer lymphocytes (5%) negative selection—bind self?, also epithelioreticular cells, T cells go thru bloodstream into blood

Thymic cortex

epithelioreticular cells: LARGER lighter euchromatic nucleus, joined by desmosomes to form stroma (flattened epithelioreticular cells at corticomedullary junction isolate the cortex from blood-thymus barrier

Thymocyte cells have smaller darker nucleus

thymic medulla has hassalls corpuscles (concentric epithelioreticular cells w keratin

secondary lymphatic organs— MALT, lymph nodes, spleen

mucus membrane= open to exterior= epithelia+lamina propria (loose CT) + MALT

the lymphocytes have small round heterochromatic nucleus little cytoplasm
the plasma cells have eccentric nucleus and more cytoplasm

secondary lymph nodules

the mantle zone is naive lymphocytes are (DARKER)

the germinal center is where activated proliferating lymphocytes are, with more cytoplasm LIGHTER

the mantle zone is darker
the germinal centre is lighter

lymph node cortex

b cells form nodules— with mantle zone and germinal center(where they proliferate)

afferent lymph passes subcapsular sinus to trabecular sinus and macrophages detect and process ag to T cells in the paracortex

b cells in cortex will proliferate to plasma cells in the GC of the nodules

plasma cells migrade via the medullary cords to release Ab via efferent lymph

paracortex where T cells are, cuboidal endothelium

have HEV so circulating lymphocytes can bind and cross into lymph of deep cortex

activated T cells proliferate and go into the system via efferent lymph

medulla
has medullary sinuses (white things) seperated by medullary chords (pink things)

medullary chords have b cells, plasma cells and macrophages

plasma cells from the germinal center, and the ab they produce leave via efferent lymph

in paracortex HEV

white pulp: dominated by lymphocytes, APC, immune response to blood AG, blood from splenic artery flows into central arterioles

-marginal zone sinuses b&t cells interact with ag/apc

T cells and macrophages in periarteriolar sheath (like paracortex of lymph node)

B cells in peripheral white pulp where activated follicles seen (like cortex of lymph node)

red pulp:

splenic sinusoids (blood filled space) between chords

splenic chords made of reticular fibres, lymphocytes, PC

WBC, RBS< platelet pass chords into the sinusoids

white pulp central A becomes penincellar A of red pulp, sheathed by macrophages to catch escaping Ag

white pulp: basophilic and darker due to lymphoid tissue nuclei

red pulp: eosinophillic from RBC, lighter

white pulp

have splenic nodules with inside GC B cells and outside periarteriolar sheath T cells (contains central arteriole)

splenic sinuses are lighter (lots of open spaces and plasma)

splenic chords are darker (lots of WBC, macrophages, PC, reticular cells

stratum basale/germinativum
have keratinocytes, merkle cells (thick), melanocytes—>spinulosum
connect via produced tonofilaments
epidermal ridge (down), dermal papilla (up) ›

stratum spinosum— langerhan cells

connected via desmosomes to give spiny appearance
keratohyalin granules

stratum granulosum
flatten granule cells with lamellar granules to make epidermal water barrier

soft keratinization turns granules into cornified cells

tonofilaments into tonofibrils

stratum lucidum— thick skin only

flatten protein packed cells

stratum corneum

soft keratin with tonofibrils

thick skin has 5 layers and merkle, hairless

thin skin has 4 layers, no merkle, hair

epidermal ridge—fingerprint/ dermal ridge (thick) goes down

dermal papillae go up

dermis:

1. papillary layer of loose CT (makes dermal papillae)

2. reticular layer with dense irregular CT

3. 3. blood supply

hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

mostly loose areolar to adipose tissue

hair shaft: dermis

hair root: hypodermis

hair bulb: hypodermis
matrix—basal cells and melanocyte, dermal papillae (CT, BV, N)

from matrix hair:
inside medulla: soft keratin

cortex: hard keratin
cuticle: monolayer flattened kertinized cell

follicle:

internal root sheath: does not extend to surface

external root sheath: continuous with epidermis

glassy membrane: thickened BM

dense irregular CT sheath from dermis

IRS: very eosiniphillic and pink, but not the liney one thats the kertinized shaft

ERS: much lighter
Glassy membrane then the dermis

sebaceous glands are simple alveolar to simple branched alveolar glands

use holocrine whole cell secretion

erector pilli promote secretion

hair: sebacous glands and aprocrine sweat glands!!

merocrine sweat gland (merocrine secretion)— watery

from birth and secrete onto surface of skin in both thick and thin skin

apocrine sweat gland (merocrine secretion)— protein rich

only in certain areas of thin skin that activate during puberty like armpits and groin and secrete INTO the hair follicle!

merocrine sweat glands (birth, thick, thin) are smaller!!!
the darker small ones are the duct and the lighter small ones are the secretory part

apocrine sweat glands (puberty, thin) are much larger!!!!