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Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia. It served as a crucial foothold for English colonization and played a key role in the early development of the United States.
Royal colonies
Colonies controlled directly by the crown, with royal governors appointed to oversee them.
Pilgrims/Plymouth Colony
English settlers who established Plymouth Colony in 1620, seeking religious freedom from the Church of England.
Separatists
who broke away from the Church of England to establish a new religious community in America, famously landing at Plymouth in 1620.
Puritans/Mass Bay Colony
A group of English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England, they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 as a refuge for their beliefs.
House of Burgesses
The first legislative assembly in America, established in Virginia in 1619, allowing settlers to create their own laws.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement reached by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower in 1620, establishing a self-governing civil body politic for the colony.
Act of Toleration
An ordinance passed in 1649 in Maryland granting religious freedom to all Christians, aimed at protecting Catholics from persecution.
Tobacco
A crop that was overproduced in the 1660’s, leading to lower prices.
Headright system
A system where colonies offered 50 acres of land to immigrants to attract them.
Indentured servitude
A system where servants agreed to work for a specified period in exchange of some benefit.
Slavery
The practice of holding people for use under the threat of violence.
Bacon’s Rebellion
A rebellion led by Bacon and western farmers against Berkeley’s government. They resented control from large planters and raised and an army to raid the Native American villages. Eventually, Bacon’s army defeated Berkeley’s government and burned the Jamestown settlement.
Roger Williams
A puritan leader who believed in individual moral over authority. He founded the first Baptist church in America. Granted a charter and joined Providence and Portsmouth into Rhode Island.
Anne Hutchinson
Questioned Puritan authority and was banished for believing that faith only was needed for salvation. She fled to found Portsmouth.
Halfway Covenant
Established in 1660’s that allowed one to be partial church member without conversion. It was created because not many felt full conversion to be members of the puritan congregation.
Metacom (King Philip’s) War
King Philip, the chief of Wampanoags, united tribes in New England against English settlers in Native American land; both sides ere killed and burned land.
Pennsylvania
Became a refuge for Quakers and persecuted people as they had lots of religious tolerance. Native Americans were treated fairly.
New York
Created to close gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies. James II took control o the Dutch colony and treated Dutch settlers well with freedom.
Restoration colonies
The English colonies developed during the Restoration Period, often granted as proprietary colonies. Included the Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Georgia.
Mercantilism
The belief in the benefits of profitable trading.
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws created in 1650-73, designed to implement mercantilist policies. These laws forced colonies to trade/export solely with Great Britain, causing smuggling.
Dominion of New England
A combination of colonies governed by Sir Edmund Andros in order to increase royal control.
Triangular trade
A trade system that connected 3 distinct areas to trade with each other. Traded run, slaves, and sugar. Slave trading entrepreneur’s made substantial profit from this system.
The Great Awakening
A movement of religious feeling in lots of people in 1730-1740s. It allowed the vast Protestant population to confess their sins and view authority as less than and unnecessary.
The Zenger case
A case where John was charged for labelling on a royal government. His lawyer defended that what he printed was still the truth, Although the laws said that injuring a governors reputation was illegal no matter it be true or not, the jury allowed for him to plead not guilty. This encouraged press to take risks and criticize the government.
The Enlightenment
A intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism.