leave me alone

Why was slavery used in the British colonies?

Bacon's Rebellion turning point away from reliance on indentured labor, which was shown to be unreliable and temporary, and accelerated a shift toward slavery. Enslaved people better withstood disease as compared to Natives.

What was done in the British colonies to support and protect stability with enslaved labor?

Enslaved people were dehumanized in the law as chattel property and marked by their dark skin, where natives and indentured servants might run away. Harsh punishments and restrictions to trap enslaved people within this system and prevent their rebellion. Slave Codes: rights away from black people.

How did enslaved people respond to slavery?

Stono Rebellion. Largest slave uprising. Fear of future rebellion promotes stricter laws and harsh punishments. Practicing culture. Runaway. Purposefully slowing down work. Feigning illness.

What is the Great Awakening? What effects did it have?

Resulted in challenges to authority → New Lights v Old Lights. Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as personal experience was the source of knowledge of salvation. George Whitfield.

What is the Enlightenment? What effects did it have?

Resulted in challenges to authority → centralized political authority (monarch) challenged in favor of individual sovereignty/rights, consent of the governed. Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as reasoning and sovereign. John Locke Social contract.

What is republicanism? What effects did it have?

Republicanism is the idea that elected leaders can represent the interests of the people. Evident in the colonies with House of Burgesses of Virginia, General Court of Mass, and so on. Although limited in scope, representative democracy, or Republican government develops in the colonies under salutary neglect, allowing the colonies to manage their own political and economic affairs as independent from Great Britain.

To what extent was a uniquely 'American' culture developed during this time?

150 years of Salutary Neglect allowed colonies to manage their own affairs, fostering a sense of American identity.

What decisions from Britain significantly affected colonists? Describe each decision and effect.

Salutary Neglect: Colonies permitted to manage their own affairs, contributing to the formation of an American identity. Navigation Acts: Trade restrictions and monopoly over colonies to reinforce mercantilism. Dominion of New England: Centralized control over New England and Middle Colonies, ended with Glorious Revolution.

What are the effects of the development of regional colonial society?

New England: Religious dissent and prosperity through trade. Middle Colonies: Prosperity through trade and religious/ethnic diversity. Chesapeake/Southern Colonies: Plantation economy, unequal society with hierarchy.

List as many specific indigenous nations as you can and identify what region they were primarily located.

Eastern Woodlands: Various tribes including Iroquois, Algonquin, and Powhatan primarily located in the eastern region of North America.

What were some elements of the distinct and complex societies indigenous groups formed by adapting to or transforming their environments?

Cultivation of Maize, Irrigation Systems, Hierarchical social structures, Division of labor, Systems of trade

Why did European nations seek to explore and conquer the new world? What were the effects of this?

Gold, glory, Gospel, Columbian Exchange, Spread of disease, Europe enriched with new crops and mineral wealth

What developments enabled European colonization in the western hemisphere?

Technological innovations, Caraval, Astrolabe, Sexton, Financial Innovation, Joint stock companies - people pooled money together to pay for exploration

What structures were used by the Spanish to support colonization? Describe them to the best of your ability.

Encomienda System - grant of land and labor from the crown to Spanish settlers → Christianize the natives & marshall native labor, Casta System - socio-racial hierarchy, Catholic Mission system - conversions & labor

Describe the varying perspectives Europeans and Native Americans held of each other. Explain how and why those developed prior to 1607.

Natives initially welcoming → shared agricultural practices and food, Dominant European View (Sepulveda) → Native Americans \= heathen, barbaric / uncivilized, Alt view (Las Casas)→ noble but undeveloped, paternalism needed to civilize and christianize, Changed through trade, assimilation tactics and acts of resistance

How were the colonization patterns different between different European nations in North America (BIG 4)?

Spanish: subjugation and conversion (post-Pope's Rebellion \= more assimilation), French: more assimilation and leniency, reliance on fur trade and intermarriage, Dutch: trade outpost, religious freedom

What is complete separatism?

Complete separation of different groups or communities.

What is the expulsion of Native Americans?

Forcing Native Americans out of their lands.

What was King Philip's War?

A war for extermination between Native Americans and English settlers.

Who were the Spanish Conquistadors?

Male explorers seeking gold and glory.

Who were the French & Dutch Fur Trappers?

Male traders looking to profit from fur trade with natives.

Who were the English Indentured Servants?

Single, male individuals seeking social mobility in the New World.

Who were the English Puritans?

Whole families and communities seeking freedom to establish a model society and practice a restrictive form of Protestantism.

Who were the English Quakers?

Whole families seeking religious freedom.

What were the unique factors about New England colonies?

Better living conditions, colder climate, varied skill sets, and more egalitarian society.

What were the unique factors about Middle Colonies?

Maritime trade, mercantile economy, varied skill sets, and religious & ethnic diversity.

What were the unique factors about Chesapeake/Southern Colonies?

Unequal & hierarchical society, reliance on indentured servitude and slavery, and cash crop/plantation economy.

What was the purpose of transatlantic trade?

To promote the power and prosperity of the Mother Country through trade restrictions and monopolies, and to import goods and enslaved people.

What were the effects of transatlantic trade over time?

Mass migration, epidemics, regional enrichment, transplant culture in British North America, spread of idea movements, and salutary neglect.

What was the Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Rebellion?

Resistance to Spanish authority and successful expulsion of Spanish led to increased Spanish accommodation of Native culture/religion and syncretism.

What was the Pequot War?

Conflict over land and resources that rid New England of Native resistance for 40 years.

What was King Philip's War?

High casualty conflict between New England and regional natives, destroyed 50% of New England settlements and permanently dispersed/broke the power of New England's regional tribes.

How did the Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Rebellion change the relationship between colonists and indigenous groups?

It led to increased Spanish accommodation of Native culture/religion and syncretism.

What were the consequences of King Philip's War?

It destroyed 50% of New England settlements and permanently dispersed/broke the power of New England's regional tribes.

Why was slavery used in the british colonies?

Bacon's Rebellion turning point away from reliance on indentured labor, which was shown to be unreliable and temporary, and accelerated a shift toward slavery

Enslaved people better withstood disease as compared to Natives

What was done in the british colonies to support and protect stability with enslaved labor

Enslaved people were dehumanized in the law as chattel property and marked by their dark skin, where natives and indentured servants might run away

Harsh punishments and restrictions to trap enslaved ppl within this system and prevent their rebellion

Slave Codes: rights away from black ppl

how did enslaved people respond to slavery

Stono Rebellion

Largest slave uprising

Fear of future rebellion promotes stricter laws and harsh punishments

Practicing culture

Runaway

Purposefully slowing down work

Feigning illness

what is the great awakening? what effects did it have?

Resulted in challenges to authority → New Lights v Old Lights

Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as personal experience was the source of knowledge of salvation

George whitfield

What is the enlightenment? What effects did it have?

Resulted in challenges to authority → centralized political authority (monarch) challenged in favor of individual sovereignty/ rights, consent of the governed

Placed emphasis on the importance of the individual as reasoning and sovereign

John Locke Social contract

What is republicanism? What effects did it have?

Republicanism is the idea that elected leaders can represent the interests of the people

Evident in the colonies with House of Burgesses of Virginia, General Court of Mass, and so on

Although limited in scope, representative democracy, or Republican government develops in the colonies under salutary neglect, allowing the colonies to manage their own political and economic affairs as independent from Great Britain

To what extent was a uniquely american culture developed during this time

British North American colonies were still largely transplant cultures

However, 150 years of Salutary Neglect permitted the colonies to manage their own social, political and economic affairs, which contributed to a growing sense of a uniquely American Identity

Certain events, like the Great Awakening, further encouraged the colonies to see themselves as one intercolonial community, united in the experience of revival (aka, fostered American Identity)

What decisions from britain significantly affected colonists? Describe each decision and effect

Salutary Neglect

Colonies permitted to manage their own political and economic affairs due to initial disinterest and then widespread smuggling / logistical challenges in monitoring the colonies

Contributed to the formation of an American Identity

Navigation Acts

Trade restrictions and monopoly over the colonies to reinforce the favorable balance of trade in the system of mercantilism

Evaded due to widespread smuggling

Dominion of New England

King James II centralized control over New England & Middle Colonies in one administrative unit

Colonists were stripped of their rights → Unpopular and short lived, ended with the Glorious Revolution

What are the effects of the development of regional colonial society

New England

Religious Dissent → banishments lead to est of new colonies

Prosperity → transatlantic trade

Middle Colonies

Prosperity through transatlantic trade

Religious and ethnic diversity → legacy of former Dutch colony

Chesapeake / Southern Colonies

Plantation economy → unequal society with hierarchy that mirror English Aristocracy

Few elite with large estates at the top

Small dependent farmers, landless men

indentured servants and later enslaved people at the bottom

List as many specific indigenous nations as you can and identify what region they were primarily located

Eastern Woodlands

Iroquois

Southeast / Mississippi

Cahokia - Mound builders

Plains

Nomadic → Sioux

Southwest

Pueblo

Meso-America

Maya

Aztec

South America

Inca

What are some elements of the distinct and complex societies indigenous groups formed by adapting to or transforming their environments

Cultivation of Maize

Irrigation Systems

Hierarchical social structures

Division of labor

Systems of trade