Learning Theory

define learning

the acquisition and development of memories and behaviors including skills, knowledge, understanding, values, and wisdom

behaviorism states that _____________ is the most important element and if it is right then learning occurs

environment

behaviorism is a ___________ mechanism that assumes the learner is _______ and responding to environmental stimuli

stimulus-response; passive

behaviorism states that all behaviors are caused by ________________

external stimuli

behaviorism states that learning is defined as what

a change in the behavior of the learner

3 behaviorist learning theories

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory

classical conditioning

associative learning (stimulus associated with response, and the response is considered the ‘learned’ act)

operant conditioning is to increase or decrease what

the probability of an organisms response

positive reinforcement

pleasant stimulus/reward

negative reinforcement

removal of adverse/unpleasant stimulus

nonreinforcement

conditioned response is not followed with any reinforcement

punishment

after a response, an aversive stimulus that the organism cannot escape or avoid is applied

increases the probability of a response

positive and negative reinforcement

decreases the probability of a response

nonreinforcement and punishment

social learning theory states that people learn from one another via observation, _____ and _____

imitation; modeling

social learning theory is often called the bridge between what

behaviorist and cognitive theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation

behaviorism is useful for patients who have what

cognitive or perceptual deficits that cause them to be unsafe

behaviorism includes

• goal/objects

• and what 4 other things

plan of action, reward, target date, agreement/signature

cognitive learning theory defines learning as

a semi permanent change in mental cognition or associations

cognitivists do not require an _____________ but focus more ont he internal processes and connections that take place during learning

outward exhibition of learning

cognitive processes (_________ to the learner) influence the nature of what is learned

internal

in cognitive theory _______ are not necessary and you cannot force learning

rewards

cognitivism states that people learn information more easily when

they can relate it to something they know

cognitivism states that _________ may be considered a good thing

failure

gestalt problem solving, information processing, piaget’s human development, and social cognition theory are all included in what learning theory

cognitive

gestalt-problem solving

organize he world around in meaningful patterns or contexts

opposite of behaviorism

emphasis on perception for learning

focus of gestalt perspective

engaging in purposeful activities performed in realistic setting

each individual perceives, interprets, and responds to any situation in their own way