Cellular Metabolism: Glucose to ATP
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46 Terms
Cellular metabolism
The process cells use to turn nutrients like glucose into ATP energy.
ATP
The cell’s usable form of energy.
Four main steps of aerobic cellular metabolism
Glycolysis → preparatory step → citric acid cycle → electron transport system.
Location of glycolysis
In the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis process
One glucose molecule is split into 2 pyruvate molecules.
Carbon count in glucose
6 carbons.
Carbon count in each pyruvate
3 carbons.
Oxygen requirement for glycolysis
No, it does not require oxygen directly.
ATP production during glycolysis
Net 2 ATP.
Electron carrier produced in glycolysis
NADH.
Memory aid for glycolysis
“Split glucose.”
Location of the preparatory step
In the mitochondria.
Conversion of pyruvate during the preparatory step
It is converted into acetyl-CoA.
Importance of acetyl-CoA
It can enter the citric acid cycle.
Waste product released during the preparatory step
CO₂.
Electron carrier produced during the preparatory step
NADH.
Main purpose of the preparatory step
To prepare pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle.
Other names for the citric acid cycle
Krebs cycle or TCA cycle.
Location of the citric acid cycle
Inside the mitochondria.
Entry molecule for the citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA.
Main purpose of the citric acid cycle
To collect high-energy electrons.
Electron carriers produced in the citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH₂.
Waste product produced during the citric acid cycle
CO₂.
ATP production from the citric acid cycle
No, it makes only a small amount.
Memory aid for the citric acid cycle
“Collect electron energy.”
Location of the electron transport system
On the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Electron carriers for the electron transport system
NADH and FADH₂.
Stage producing the most ATP
The electron transport system.
H⁺ movement in the electron transport chain
H⁺ ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Importance of H⁺ ions
Their buildup stores energy that can be used to make ATP.
Enzyme for ATP production
ATP synthase.
Function of ATP synthase
It uses H⁺ flowing through it to make ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP production by the electron transport system
About 26–28 ATP.
Oxygen's role in aerobic metabolism
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Product formed when oxygen accepts electrons and H⁺
Water.
Impact of no oxygen on the electron transport chain
It backs up and cannot continue making ATP normally.
Reason for the term aerobic metabolism
Because oxygen is required for the full process to continue.
Overall cellular respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP.
Glucose to ATP conversion
No, energy is gradually removed from glucose and transferred to ATP.
Main job of NADH and FADH₂
Carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Order of metabolic stages
Glycolysis → Preparatory step → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport.
Mnemonic for remembering the stages
“Split it → Prep it → Strip it → Spend it.”
Meaning of 'split it' in the mnemonic
Glycolysis splits glucose.
Meaning of 'prep it' in the mnemonic
The preparatory step converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
Meaning of 'strip it' in the mnemonic
The citric acid cycle removes energy and loads NADH/FADH₂ with electrons.
Meaning of 'spend it' in the mnemonic
The electron transport chain uses that stored electron energy to make lots of ATP.