Demographic Transition Model and Population Dynamics

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Framework explaining population changes during economic development.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1,000 people annually.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people annually.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Difference between births and deaths in a population.

Stage 1: Pre-Industrial Society

High birth and death rates, low population growth.

Stage 2: Early Industrial Society

High NIR due to declining death rates and high births.

Stage 3: Mature Industrial Society

Declining NIR with falling birth and death rates.

Stage 4: Post-Industrial Society

Low birth and death rates, stable population growth.

Stage 5: Declining Population

Negative NIR, aging population, increasing death rates.

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by total land area.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by arable land area.

Agricultural Density

Farmer population divided by arable land area.

Birth Calculation

Total Population / 1000 * CBR.

Death Calculation

Total Population / 1000 * CDR.

Population Pyramid

Graphical representation of age and sex distribution.

Emigration

Migration from one location to another.

Immigration

Migration to a new location.

Net Migration

Difference between immigrants and emigrants.

Push Factors

Conditions driving people to leave a location.

Pull Factors

Conditions attracting people to a new location.

Urbanization

Movement from rural to urban areas.

Suburbanization

Migration from cities to surrounding suburbs.

Counter Urbanization

Migration from urban to rural areas.

Language Family

Group of languages from a common ancestor.

Language Branch

Subgroup of a language family with common ancestry.

Language Group

Languages within a branch with recent common origin.

Dialect

Regional variations of a language.

Lingua Franca

Common language for communication between diverse speakers.

Sedentary Farmer Theory

Proposes language spread via agricultural practices diffusion.

Nomadic Warrior Theory

Indo-European languages spread via Kurgan horsemen conquests.

Cultural Implications

Migration and conquest shape languages and identities.

Multilingualism in Switzerland

Four national languages promoted for cultural preservation.

Multilingualism in Canada

French and English enforced for cultural identity maintenance.

Multilingualism in Nigeria

Over 500 languages create ethnic tensions and challenges.

Cultural Policies

Strategies to manage linguistic diversity and national unity.

Universal Religion

Aims to appeal to all people globally.

Ethnic Religion

Appeals to specific cultural groups in locations.

Major Universal Religions

Includes Christianity, Islam, Buddhism with distinct branches.

Major Ethnic Religions

Judaism and Hinduism tied to specific cultures.

Branches of Christianity

Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant with theological differences.

Branches of Islam

Sunni (88%) and Shiite (12%) from succession disputes.

Branches of Buddhism

Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana focus on different practices.

Sacred Texts of Christianity

The Holy Bible guides beliefs and practices.

Sacred Texts of Islam

The Quran is the literal word of God.

Sacred Texts of Buddhism

Tipitaka contains Buddha's teachings in three sections.

Sacred Texts of Hinduism

The Vedas include hymns, philosophy, and rituals.

Sacred Texts of Judaism

The Torah details laws and teachings in Judaism.

Sacred Sites of Christianity

Bethlehem and Jerusalem are key sacred locations.

Sacred Sites of Islam

Mecca and Medina are vital to Islamic faith.

Sacred Sites of Buddhism

Eight sites in India and Nepal linked to Buddha.

Sacred Sites of Hinduism

Ganges River is a holy pilgrimage site.

Sacred Sites of Judaism

Jerusalem and Hebron are significant sacred locations.

Predominant Regions of Christianity

Found in Europe, North America, South America.

Predominant Regions of Islam

Practiced in Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia.

Predominant Regions of Buddhism

Major presence in Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.

Predominant Regions of Hinduism

Primarily in India and Nepal, with diaspora.

Predominant Regions of Judaism

Most Jews reside in Israel and North America.

Origins of Christianity

Originated in Israel during the 1st century CE.

Origins of Islam

Emerged in 7th century CE in Saudi Arabia.

Origins of Buddhism

Founded in 5th century BCE in Nepal, India.

Origins of Hinduism

One of the oldest religions, around 1500 BCE.

Origins of Judaism

One of the oldest monotheistic religions, over 3,000 years.

Race

Social construct categorizing people by physical traits.

Ethnicity

Shared cultural traditions and common homeland.

Nationalism

Identity and allegiance to a specific nation.

Genocide

Systematic extermination of a particular group.

Ethnic Cleansing

Forced removal of an ethnic group from a region.

Blockbusting

Real estate tactic exploiting racial fears for profit.

White Flight

White residents leave neighborhoods as integration occurs.

African American Migration

Historical patterns shaped by slavery and urbanization.

Asian American Concentration

Predominantly found in Western U.S., especially California.

Hispanic American Concentration

Concentrated in Southwest U.S. from Latin American migration.

Yugoslavia Conflict

Ethnic tensions led to genocide and ethnic cleansing.