1.7 Biotechnology tools and techniques

DNA Extraction

A process by which DNA is isolated from cells or tissue samples.

mRNA Codons

Sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that code for specific amino acids.

Gene Probes

Single stranded DNA or RNA segments with markers that bind to specific genes.

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes produced by bacteria that cut DNA at specific sites.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique used to amplify copies of a specific DNA segment.

Gel Electrophoresis

A method used to separate DNA fragments based on size.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Repeats of 2-6 base pairs in DNA used in profiling.

DNA Profiling

A technique to identify the unique genetic makeup of individuals.

DNA Sequencing

Determining the exact sequence of bases in a DNA molecule.

Denaturation (PCR Step 1)

The process of heating DNA to break hydrogen bonds and separate strands.

Annealing (PCR Step 2)

Cooling the DNA mixture so primers can bind to complementary bases.

Extension (PCR Step 3)

The process where nucleotides bind to exposed DNA bases to form a new strand.