HSCI 131 exam 2

leaflets

Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

lumen

Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

regurgitation

Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

Sphincters

Circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening

vasoconstriction

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

vasodilation

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

viscosity

Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

aneurysm/o

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

angi/o

vascul/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

atri/o

atrium

ather/o

fatty plaque

cardi/o

heart (greek)

coron/o

heart (latin)

electr/o

electricity

embol/o

embolus (plug)

hemangi/o

blood vessel

my/o

muscle

phleb/o

ven/o

vein

scler/o

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

sept/o

septum

sphygm/o

pulse

sten/o

narrowing, stricture

thromb/o

blood clot

valv/o

valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

-cardia

heart condition

-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

brady-

slow

endo-

in, within

extra-

outside

peri-

around

trans-

across

aneurysm

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

angina

Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

arrhythmia

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

bradycardia

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

fibrillation

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

heart block

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

tachycardia

Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

bruit

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur

cardiomyopathy

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

coarctation

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

embolism

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations

heart failure (HF)

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

hyperlipidemia

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

hypertension (HTN)

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

hypotension

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

palpitation

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

peripheral artery disease

Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis

phlebitis

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

Syncope

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

Thrombosis

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

Holter monitor test

Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test

stress test

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

cardiac biomarkers

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

lipid panel

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

angiography

Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

aortography

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

coronary angiography

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

Doppler US

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

carotid artery US

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

echocardiography (ECHO)

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

cardiac catheterization (CC)

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

electrophysiology study (EPS)

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient's heart

angioplasty

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow.

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

cardiac ablation

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

open heart surgery

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

pacemaker insertion

Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

defibrillation

Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

cardioversion

Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart's rhythm back to its normal pattern

bilirubin

Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces

bolus

Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

exocrine

Type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

sphincter

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

triglycerides

Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

or/o

mouth (latin)

stomat/o

mouth (greek)

gloss/o

tongue (greek)

lingu/o

tongue (latin)

bucc/o

cheek

cheil/o

lip (greek)

labi/o

lip (latin)

dent/o

odont/o

teeth

gingiv/o

gum(s)

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland