history of science in six ideas test 1

humoral theory: four humors

blood

phlegm

yellow bile

black bile

eucrasia

health, balance

dyscrasia

sickness, imbalance

humoralism

balance and flow

individualistic

mind and body

microcosm/macrocosm

therapeutics (humoralism)

achieving balance

responding to external factors

causality

treatments

heredity

climate

regimen

humoral imbalance

symptoms

course

treatments (humoralism)

environment

blood-letting

diet

exercise

surgery

ancient world/antiquity

8th c. BCE- 5th c.CE

the middle agles/medieval period

5th c.- 14th c CE

early modern

15th c.-18thc. CE

renaissance

15th-16th c. CE

enlightenment

18th c.

modern

19th c.-present

medieval scholastic medicine

c. 5th- 16th c. CE

books, not bodies

book-based medicine

mostly reading and writing in latin and greek

physicians in this period were relatively rare

no universities, must know latin and greek and have access to medical books.

physicians are not doctors

mind vs. hand (not doing dirty work)

wound man vs. zodiac man

in medieval Europe the body was seen as more

religious rather than medicinal

holiness was very bodily

saint Chiara da Montefalco (c. 1268-1308)

her body is dissected after death by other nuns

to find bodily evidence that she was holy

body is publicly displaced, and some parts are placed in reliquaries

what changed in Europe between 1000 and 1450?

the plague sweeps through Europe, desire for more answers, more medical thinking

3 factors:

the printing press (Johannes Gutenberg c. 1440) medical knowledge is more available

age of exploration/Columbian exchange c.1490s new places= new knowledge and ideas

university system 12th c.-14th c., Bologna, est. 1088, royal charter 1158

medical instruction and legal/theological instruction to students

history of anatomy

Herophilus and Erasistratus in Alexandria (Egypt), c. 3rd c BCE- anatomy and vivisection

Galen advocates for anatomy (but can’t do it), c. 2nd c CE

Fourteenth-century universities begin to allow dissection as a part of medical curricula

Mondino de’ Liuzzi c. 1270-1327 Bologna

conducted first ever recorded dissection of a human body (1315)

The Anatomy of the Human Corpse book

the body has to be a convicted criminal and must have a proper Christian burial afterwards

dissection would happen publicly, and students would watch

roles of people in dissection

Lector (reads in latin a book, probably mondino)

Sector (cuts, not a physician, a surgeon (considered lower class))

Ostensor (translated/explains, professor, explains what the students are seeing)

the book is the source of knowledge and power

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

trained in medicine in a few different universities (Paris), becomes a professor

very ambitious, wants to get his hands dirty

wants a fancy job, frustrated with roles of people in dissection

writes a book, On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543***) or the fabrica.

filled with high-quality illustrations

makes an argument that the physician should be hands-on with the body to gain knowledge

renaissance humanism

lots of scientists looked at the work of Galen, Plato, etc. and built on their work, pointing out where they were wrong to search for new knowledge

what did the medical marketplace look like?

physicians

surgeons and barber-surgeons

apothecaries

lay healers

midwives

approximately 400 patients for every one practitioner

bodysnatching

stealing dead bodies to dissect and learn