APUSH Unit 6: Westward Expansion 1865-1898

INCOMPLETE

Mechanization of Agriculture

Combine harvester, Mechanical reaper

• More crops

• Small farmers going bankrupt, price decline

National Grange Movement

1868, collective bringing isolated farmers for education

Became political, pushing for regulation of railroads and trusts.

Midwest

Granger Laws

Commerce Act of 1886

All regulating corporations and railroads

Commerce Act of 1886

Granger Law

state laws aimed at regulating railroad rates and practices, particularly to protect farmers.

Established Interstate Commerce Commission

Interstate Commerce Commission

Federal agency to regulate railroads

Very low funds, government half assed action

Pacific Railroad Act

Federal government grants land to railroad companies to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad.

• Migration

Homestead Act of 1862

Granted migrants to the west 150 acres of free land for farming and settling

• NOT successful, farmers went bust

Gold Discovery in Pikes Peak

1869

Boom Towns

Result of new wave of migrants to west, looking for gold and resources

• Pikes Peak, Denver

Protective Tarrifs

Set tariffs on imported goods during Civil war to raise funds

Just kept them around

Hurt South(export economy) but benefitted North(Industrialists) - Retaliatory Tariffs

William Sewards Foreign Policy

Global assertion of US power through expansionism and diplomacy.

What 2 acts facilitated Westward Migration?

Homestead Act 1862

Pacific Railroad Act/Transcontinental Railroad

Cowboys

Herding culture, early settlement in the West

Sodbusters

Homesteaders that were the first to settle and farm

What ended the Cowboy era?

Homesteaders and fencing off land

When was the frontier officially settled?

1890, post Oklahoma settlement

Closing of the Frontier

Fredrick Jackson Turner, 1893

Closing frontier, cause for concern.

Worried discontent would lead to unrest

Westward expansion had always been a way of _____

releasing American discontent

Reservation System

Indian populations assigned to reservations, forced assimilation

“Indian Problems”

American migrants moving West

Extinction of the Buffalo

Caused by Westward migration and American settling

Damaged Native culture

Sioux Wars

1886. Indians resisting against reservations. Just encouraged tighter policy from US.

Indian Appropriations Act of 1871

Officially ended federal recognition of Indian nations

• Led to another war with Sioux and Comanche

Dawes Act of 1887

Government abandoned reservations, divided land into 160 acres to be farmed by Indians

Assimilationist Movement, offered Indians citizenship for assimilating

Assimilationist Movement

Attempt by US government to forcefully assimilate indians into American culture

Ghost Dance Movement

Developed in Northwest

Ritualistic dance, ghost will return and drive away white men

• Battle of Wounded Knee

Battle of Wounded Knee 1890

Last violent battle of Indian wars

Man performed ghost dance, gun went off. US killed several Indians

Treaty of Kanagawa

William Seward

Allowed US ships to trade with Japan, assert power through economic pressure

“New South”

Henry Grady

South suffered in the war bc north was more advanced industrially

Encouraged Laissez faire, more manufacturing in South

How successful was the New South?

Not very, only few isolated cases

Sharecropping

New way for southern planters to get labour

Workers sign to work fields, on condition to share portion of harvest

“New Slavery” - sharecroppers remained debted

Compromise of 1877

Ended reconstruction in the South

Removal of Federal troops from Southern States

Racial segregation took over again

Plessy V Ferguson 1896

Louisiana, Rail Car

Established Seperate but Equal narrative, racial segregation constitutional

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws, post Plessy V Ferguson

Black people lost a lot of Reconstruction era rights

Lynch Mobs

“Vigilante justice” against black people

Ida B Wells

Editorials against lynching of black people in the South

Henry Turner

Founded International Migration Society in 1894

Thought black people needed to be separate, could not exist within white system

International Migration Society

Black people migrating to Liberia. Not sustainable

Henry Turner

Booker T Washington

Thought black people did not need to fight for equality in politics

Become self sufficient economically, way to gain power

William Sewards Icebox “Sewards Folly”

William Sewards push to buy Alaska

• Thought as useless until gold in 1896

Burgilame Treaty

Regulation of Chinese immigration before Chinese exclusion Act

William Seward

Guaranteed rights US missionaries in China

Henry Bessemer

Steel production, Bessemer Process

Bessemer Process

Henry Bessemer, way to produce greater quantity and quality of steel

Coal vs Oil

Oil surpassed coal as main energy source for industry

Telegraph

Samuel Moores, 1844

• Wires multiplied significantly during this period

Transatlantic Cable

Connected America to Europe, International Market

Coal, oil, steel, grain

1858

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell, 1876

Further contributed to global market, economy

Munn v Illinois

Ruled states could regulate railroads for “common good”

Part of Grange movement

Gilded Age

New industrialism during late 19th century

Late 1870s to 1890s

gold covered turd

John D Rockefeller

Standard Oil. Very powerful by late 1880s

Forced competitors to sell companies to him, monopoly

Horizontal Integration

Horizontal Integration

One company buys out all competitors, until there is no competition left

Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Steel Industry

Vertical Integration

Vertical Integration

Company acquires all complimentary businesses that facilitate its business

• Consolidation, distribution, etc.

Carnegie

Gold Standard

Replaced Bimetallism, only backing money by gold

Restricted farmers ability to borrow money, encouraged Grange Movement.

Also opposed by entrepreneurs

Depression of mid 1890s

Implemented 1879

Laissez Faire Policy

Dominant during this era, allergic to government regulation

Adam Smith and Wealth of Nations(1776, influenced ideas)

Social Darwinism

Applied to economics

“Strong eat the weak” - American work ethic blah blah

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie

Funded public buildings and charity with his money, thought it was his duty

Captains of Industry

Opposite of Robber Baron, positive connotation of industrially powerful men

Robber Baron

Oppposite of Captains of Industry, negative connotation of industrially powerful men

Conspicuous Consumption

Wealthy business owners, blatantly displaying wealth

ie. Biltmore House

“Crime of 1873” (Coinage Act)

Enforced Gold Standard. Not good for miners, could not pay debts.

Made silver useless

Panic of 1873 and 1893

Effected working classes way more, wage drops and poverty

Labour Unions

Formed in this era, during push for workers rights in factories

• Strikes, slowdowns, etc.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroad workers in union went on strike in response to cut wages

Shutdown of railroad system, violence

President Hayes, sent Federal troops. Opened negotiations.

Pullman Strike of 1893

Panic of 1893, decided to cut wages of workers(rail cars) and fired union workers when protested

Eugene V Debs, directed union members not to work on Pullman cars

Industry owners schemed with government (federal trains), unions jailed

Eugene V Debs

Union owner.

Participated in Pullman Strike, jailed for it

Socialist Party of America, 1901

Knights of Labour

1881. National union open to anyone (even women and AA)

Aimed to abolish child labour, destroy trusts

Wrecked post Haymarket Square 1886

Morrill Act

Money to fund colleges out west

Haymarket Square Riot 1886

Haymarket Square in Chicago

Peaceful protests for 8 hour workday, bomb exploded, public associated it with Knights of Labour

• Basically destroyed them

American Federation of Labour

Led by Samuel Gompers, craft workers

Higher wages, safer conditions

Fruit of their labour really happened in next period

Long Drive

Name for cowboy movement in west before homesteading

Exodusts

African Americans moving out west with Homestead Act

Escape KKK and racism in south

Yellowstone and Natural Parks

First set aside for national beauty, increased nationalism

Yellowstone first

Exoduster Movement - Societies formed

Colored Relief Board

Kansas Freedmens Aid Society

Aided exodusters in moving west

Native American Wars (Westward Migration)

Sand Creek Massacre

Fettermen

Little big horn

Wounded Knee - Ended wars, last one

Immigrants

West - Chinese, gold rush and railroad workers

East - Western Europe, Ireland. Concentrated in cities. Exploited

Tenements

Crowded immigrants, closely built housing in cities

• Disease

Ethnic Enclaves

Established by immigrants in cities, culture

• "American Melting Pot” vs “Salad mix”

Skilled vs Unskilled Work

Industrialization caused. Trust creation

Spurred by immigrants, cheap labour, exploitation

Old Immigrants

English speaking countries, Ireland and Germans

New Immigrants

Eastern and Southern Europe, Catholic/Jewish and non english speaking

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882. Federal law prohibiting Chinese immigration in the West, along with Japanese.

Basically built whole railroad, still kicked out

Panic of 1873, California blamed Chinese for lack of jobs

Nativism

Anti Immigrant movement, protestant against Catholic

Henry Cabot Lodge

American Protective Association

Labour Unions “they’re taking our jobs”, Social Darwinism

Henry Cabot Lodge

Nativist leader, protestant preacher and was anti immigrant

American Protective Association

Nativist, anti catholic (thought they were taking over officer)

Jane Addams

Chicago, Settlement Houses

Hull House, 1889

Help immigrants in urban centers

Settlement Houses

Jane Addams, Hull House

Helped immigrants get education, housing, etc.

Henry George and Poverty and Progress

Warned Americans against optimism towards industry

Single Tax on land

Greenback Labour Party

Pushed for more railroad and work regulations

Increase flow of money, allowing people to borrow money easier

Shift in Management

Lower than CEOs and higher than common work. Day to day management

Creation of White collar workers and Middle Class (and those to support them)

Typewriters

Clerical work, opened women to jobs

Rise of the Middle Class

Increase in leisure activities, more money and time

• Coney Island, New York. Entertainment

• PT. Barnum, Circus.

• Baseball and football

Phoebe Apperson Hearst

Rich philanthropist and womens rights pioneer

Education, established schools for poor

Similar to Gospel of Wealth

Producerism

Claimed rich industry owners were living off the backs of poor immigrants

Farmers Alliance

Greenback and Grange Movements

Hatch Act, Interstate Commerce Act

Hatch Act

Federal funding for agricultural education, good for Farmers Alliance

Single Tax on Land

Henry George

Tax the rich more on their land

Edward Bellamy

Utopian Art - challenge capitalism

Novel “Looking Backward”, man wakes up in 2000s, socialist utopia

Rise of Socialism

Eugene V. Debs - Socialist Party of America

Anti capitalism, reaction to state of society

Didn’t grab hold though

Social Gospel

Christians, repentance and reform. Needed to cure the ills of society

Protestant preachers, urban poor. Encouraged middle class.

National American Womens Suffrage Association

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony

Worked to secure votes for women. Founded 1890