ARCC HOA REVIEWER PART 2

Scope: Ma'am E's Lecture video day 2 - Asian and Philippine Traditional Architecture

Mehrgarh

Also known as harappa, it is a planned layout that uses brick, mud-brick and wood, and characterized by grid patterned streets

Hinduism

A religious sect that combines Vedism and Brahmaism

Ashoka

Initiated the first rock-cut technique during the Mauryan period

It is easier to excavate a rocky mountain than pile up stone

This is the reason why caves, rock-cut sanctuaries, and cave temples are primarily used during the Mauryan period

Stupa

A rock-cut chamber was planned to facilitate the religious services around this principal symbol of worship in the Mauryan period

Chaitya hall

The Mauryan place of worship/temples/assembly hall with an ornamental facade, central vaulted hall, and a rock-cut stupa at the rear

Vihara

Refers to a monastery for Buddhist renunciates in the Mauryan period

Barabar hill caves

The oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India that were hewn from granite

Ajanta caves

A UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra, India that contains 29 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments

Ellora caves

A multi-religious rock-cut cave complex in the Charanandri Hills, India

Buddhist architecture

This is characterized by monumental, monolithic, and rock-cut design for congregational use, with examples being stupas, stambhas, chaityas, and viharas

Wheel of Law

Symbolizes the 3rd great even in Buddha’s life, who turned the wheel of dharma by preaching his first sermon

Lotus

The Indian symbol for spiritual growth, divinity, purity, and enlightenment.M

Mandala

A diagram or geometric pattern that represents the cosmos

Sanchi Stupa

The Great Stupa commissioned by Mauryan emperor Ashoka, located in the birthplace of his wife

Torana

The stupa’s ceremonial gateways positioned in each cardinal direction

Lion

A Buddhist symbol associated with regality, strength, and power, and the sons of Buddha who are spiritually developed

Stambhas

Also known as Lats, it is a monumental, free-standing pillar that symbolizes the world axis in Indian architecture; can be of Persepolitan or Graeco-Roman type.

Ashoka pillar

A pillar consisting of a shaft and crown of four lions that stand back-to-back in Mauryan architecture

Garbhagriha

The “house of God” and the basic form of a Hindu temple along with a mandapa

Nagara

A Hinduist style that consists of a fluted stone disk (amalaka), a tower (shikhara), surrounded by an ambulatory (garbha griha), an open/closed vestibule (antarala), and an assembly hall (mandapa)

Dravidian

A Hinduist style that consists of a pyramidal tower, square-chambered sanctuary, exterior pilasters, wall of tower in graduating levels, capped with a dome-shape cupola, pot, and finial

Gopurams

These are tall gateways that lead to a Dravidian-style temple

Vimana tower

Nagara style : Sikhara tower

Dravidian Style : ___________

Pagoda

It contains holy relics or collections related to Buddhism, comes from the Sanskrit word “bhagavat”

Vesara

A Hinduist style that is also known as Karnataka Dravida, a combination of Nagara and Dravidian styles

Jainism

A religion found by Mahavira or the Jina, that advocated non-violence

Jainism architecture

This is characterized by a profusely ornamented and military character in the architecture

Four-faced open form

The basic form of a Jain temple

Mughal architecture

A style developed by the Mughals in the 16th-18th centuries, which is an amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic, and South Asian architecture

Jalis

Pierced screens used in Indian architecture as windows, room dividers, and railings around thrones, platforms, terraces, and balconies; ideal for cutting down glare while permitting air to circulate

Chorten

Term referring to the Tibetan stupa

Gong

Chinese palace and later referred to imperial and religious buildings

Liangting

Chinese kiosk where travelers rest

Ting

Chinese gazebo with columns supporting a roof

Curved roof

This architectural feature is used in Buddhist belief to ward off evil spirits

Tai

Chinese terrace or belvedere with a flat top

Lou

A Chinese building of one or more storeys used as a tower

Ge

Storeyed pavilion similar to a lou but with windows, doors, and walls

Dougong

Bracket system used in Chinese architecture

Feng Shui

Chinese geomancy used to harmonize individuals with the environment

Chinese architecture

A style of architecture characterized by the unity of architectural components, seismic responsiveness, standardization of parts, bright colors, and systematic grouping of buildings

Hanok

Traditional Korean house dating to the Joseon period

Hanji

Traditional paper made from the mulberry tree used for partitions, walls, and ceilings in Korean architecture

Ondol

Also known as gudeul, this is a system of heating utilized in Korean architecture

Daechong

A wooden-floored, openable hall that lays on posts to allow airflow in Korean architecture

Minka

Traditional Japanese house characterized by wooden frame and modular plan

Tatami

A Japanese mat used as a modular system in space arrangement

Fusuma

A Japanese partition using cloth or heavier opaque paperW

Washi

A Japanese paper used for making room partitions

Tokonoma

A raised alcove for hanging a picture, scroll, or ikebana in Japanese houses

Shoji

A lighter partition in Japanese architecture using translucent sheer paper affixed to a wooden lattice frame

Ikebana

Japanese term for a flower arrangement

Nature

Traditional Japanese buildings reflect a strong emphasis on humans’ relationship with _________.

Himeji Castle

The first declared World Heritage Site, located in Japan and also known as the White Heron castle

Horyuji Temple

The oldest wooden building in the world, built in 607.

Todaiji Temple

A Japanese temple that houses the largest bronze image of Buddha Vaicosana (Daibutsu)

Zen garden

A Japanese garden featured with raked gravel and rock islands

Torii

Refers to a Japanese gate to a Shinto shrine

Angkor Wat

A 12th century Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu and built by Suryavarman II; based on a mandala layout

Angkor Thom

Last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire, established in the 12th century by King Jayavarman VII

Sukothai

Foundation of Thai civilization where its institutions and culture first developed

Ayutthaya

A society of builders, preoccupied with building monuments to impress outsiders through their sheer immensity

Lamyong

A feature in Thai architecture that represents the beak of the mythical bird garuda

Bagan

Ancient Burmese city dating to the 9th to the 13th centuries with Buddhist structures in the landscape

Hue

An ancient imperial city located in Vietnam

Hoi An

A Vietnamese World Heritage Site

Batak

Also known as Toba, it is a boat-shaped house with carved gables and a dramatic oversized roof

Gadang House

A structure in West Sumatra famous for its saddle back roofs

Toraja

Houses in the Sulawesi highlands that are built on piles and dwarfed by massive pitch-saddle roofs

Long House

A Dayak traditional house made of ironwood and tree bark, decorated with water snakes and rhinoceros birds

Borobudur temple

9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java, designed with a mandala plan

Rumah

Traditional term for a house in Malaysia

Rumah Kutai

Preferred by influential people, it is a house distinguished by carvings on the door, porch, awnings, windows, and walls.

George Town and Malacca

These two are Malaysia’s two World Heritage Sites

Marina Bay Sands

World’s largest cantilevered platform structure located in Singapore, designed by Moshe Safdie Architects

Colonization

This caused the incursion of western styles and technology in indigenous Asian settings resulting in a fusion of styles and a unique colonial character to Asian architecture

Callao Man

Also known as Homo Luzonesis, discovered in Penablanca, Cagayan (2007) in a fossilized state; less than 4 feet tall

Tabon Man

A homo sapiens fossil found in a cave at the coast of Palawan in 1962

Angono Petroglyphs

Oldest known work of art in the Philippines, declared a National Cultural Treasure in 1973

Datag

Sleeping platform made of tree branches

Windbreak

Lean-to’s that were set up by the Aetas during hunting and food-gathering periods

Hawong

Pinatubo Aetas’ lean-to that has two sloping sides

Dait-dait

Lean-to of the Mamabua, made up of banana fronds or leaves

Idjang

A precolonial citadel in Batanes

Out of Taiwan/Austronesian Migration Theory

A theory by Peter Bellwood that highlights Austronesians are originated from Taiwan and moved south to migrate to other lands

Nusantao Theory

A theory by Wilhelm Solheim that highlights Southeast Asia being peopled by groups who shared the same cultural traits

Austronesian house

A basic unit of a village that is commonly adaptive to the environment through stilts, dominant roofs with ridge poles and gables, and informally built.

Balai/bahay

Filipino traditional architecture emanates from the _________.

Cave dwellings

The earliest human shelter in the Philippines

Datag

Basic sleeping bunk or platform made of tree branches, twigs, and dried leaves built inside the cave by the Tau’t Bato

Tinguian

A Cordilleran arboreal shelter/tree dwelling

Fayo

A Bontoc house

Abong

Poor man’s dwelling among the Ifugao with non-uniform dimensions and built of poorer materials

Bale

Wealthy man’s dwelling among the Ifugao with carved posts in the interiors and flutings on the exterior underneath the roof eaves

Isneg

Boatmen native to Apayao, with their house suggesting an inverted hull

Binayon (finaryon)

The Kalinga octagonal house found in Upper Kalinga along the Chico River

Sagada house

The house that is completely enclosed and yet has living quarters on a ground level

Ifugao house

A three-level structure located amid rice terraces, usually found in clusters in Banaue, or scattered in Mayoyao

Mayoyao house

Igorot house characterized by purity of line, classic simplicity, and stone pavement and wall