AP BIO: Properties of Life (Unit 1)

matter

occupies weight and has a mass

chemistry

how matter interacts with each other

elements

can not be broken down into simpler substances

atom

basic unit of a chemical element

proton

positive

electron

negative

neutron

uncharged

ion

uneven amount of protons and electrons

high specific heat

hard to change temperature, why large bodies of water are cooler, helps endotherms control their temperature

water

two small atoms of hydrogen and one large oxygen

covalent bond

hydrogen connected to an oxygen atom (strong bond)

hydrogen bond

oxygen connected to a hydrogen atom (weak bond)

high heat of vaporization

water takes a lot to change states; important for sweating 

universal solvent

water dissolves everything since it is polar

strong surface tension

due to hydrogen bonding water has___

adhesion

attaches to other substances easily because of hydrogen/ polar substance 

cohesion

attaches to water molecules easily because of hydrogen

ph 1-6

acidic, sour, proton donors since there are a lot of H+

ph 8-14

basic, bitter, proton acceptors because they have a lot of OH-

Buffers

help resist changes as life is very sensitive to PH

organic

anything that contains carbon

ionic bond

electron transfer- two oppositely charged ions

covalent bond

molecular bond-sharing electron

hydrogen/dipole bonds

extremely weak; only happens with N O F (very electronegative)

Hydroxyl

very polar; found in all macromolecules

Carbonyl

oxygen double bonded to hydrogen; very polar; found in proteins and lipids only

carboxyl

carbonyl with an OH group

amines

always has nitrogen; found in proteins and nucleic acids only

sulfhydryl

always has sulfur; can determine shape of proteins; only found in proteins

phosphate

makes things more acidic; has a charge to it; only found on phospholipids and in nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis/ condensation reaction

joins two molecules together; takes out hydrogen bonds and oxygen

hydrolisis

separates molecules by adding water molecules

carbohydrate’s bond

glycosidic

proteins/ amino acids’s bond

peptide

lipid’s bond

ester

nucleic acids’s bond

phosphodiester 

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccaride

function of carbohydrates

energy, some for structure

structure of carbohydrates

-ratio 1:2:1

-functional group: carboxyl 

-structure: ring

polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharides

covalent bonds

hold macromolecules together

isomer

same number of atoms, different arrangement, impacts function

monomer of lipids

fatty acid+glycerol

functions of lipids

cellular membrane, energy storage

saturated fatty acid

only single bonds; stack up really easily; mostly solid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acid

has one or more double bond; kinks do not allow them to stack up; liquid at room temp

monomer of proteins

amino acid

function of proteins

cell structures, makes up enzyme, many other things

primary structure of proteins

chain with peptide bonds

secondary structure of proteins

forms an alpha helix or beta sheet

tertiary structure of proteins

three dimensional (R-group interactions)

quaternary structure of proteins

more than one protein subunit

monomer of nucleic acids

nucelotide

function of nucleic acids

stores genetic information in DNA/RNA

structure of nucleic acids

-5 carbon sugar (pentagon)

-nitrogenous base (N)

-phosphate group (P)

DNA

-stores the true blueprint

-double stranded

-very long

-deoxyribose sugar

-uses A, T, G, and C bases

-found in nucleus 

-more stable due to the less hydroxyl group

RNA

-converts true blueprint to build proteins

-one stranded

-short

-ribose sugar

-A, U, G, C

-found in nucleolus and moves out of nucleus

-more reactive and not as stable

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

used for energy