AP Euro Cram Sheet

What was the focus of Humanism during the Renaissance?

Human potential and achievements, emphasizing classical texts.

Who were the key artists of the Italian Renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

What economic theory advocates for government control of trade to maximize exports?

Mercantilism.

What were the main causes of the Age of Exploration?

'God, Gold, Glory,' and technological advancements like the caravel and compass.

What did Martin Luther's 95 Theses address?

Criticisms of the Catholic Church, promoting ideas like 'sola fide' and 'sola scriptura'.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

To reaffirm Catholic doctrine and reform church practices.

What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

It ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized the sovereignty of states.

Who was known as the 'Sun King' in France?

Louis XIV.

What is Enlightenment thought primarily concerned with?

Application of reason to society and politics, including natural rights and individual liberty.

What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England?

It established parliamentary supremacy and constitutional monarchy.

What were the primary phases of the French Revolution?

Moderate Phase, Radical Phase (Reign of Terror), and Directory.

What did the Napoleonic Code establish?

Legal reform, including equality before the law for men and protection of property.

What sparked the French Revolution in 1789?

Financial crisis, Enlightenment ideas, and social inequality.

Who were the key thinkers associated with Enlightenment philosophy?

Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith.

What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Old and New Worlds.

What characterized Baroque Art during the Counter-Reformation?

Emotional, dramatic, and grandeur, often used to express Catholic piety.

What was the result of the Dutch Revolt against Spain?

The rise of the Dutch Republic.

What did the Agricultural Revolution introduce in the 18th century?

New crops like potato and corn, along with new farming methods.

What was the primary outcome of the Wars of Austrian Succession?

Prussia gained Silesia under Frederick the Great.

What was the significance of the Estates-General during the French Revolution?

It marked the beginning of the revolutionary process in France.