Intro to sociology

currently chapter 1 and 2

A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard as, if not harder than, her male colleagues, but nothing she does seems to help her advance. She begins to notice a pattern: Men are often promoted, but women are often overlooked for advancement. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of

Sociological imagination

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but, at the same time, hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will accuse her of shoplifting. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has

a double consciousness

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

Which modern sociological theory states that the best way to analyze society is to identify the purpose that different aspects or phenomena serve in society?

functionalism

What is the difference between microsociology and macrosociology?

the level of analysis

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

a social institution

________ is the sociological theory that sees social groups as being like living organisms, and therefore focuses on the cohesion and stability of the group.

functionalism

Charles H. Cooley argued that the self emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He called this

the looking-glass self

Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as

dramaturgical theory

Which of the following people is MOST likely to experience what Durkheim referred to as anomie?

an inventor who has been able to stop going to a workplace and who doesn’t need to go out much

The research process includes many steps. Which of the following steps occurs first in the research process?

conceptualization

The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the ________ of the measurement procedure.

reliability

A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys

rely on people’s honesty and willingness to cooperate

If a researcher fails to accurately measure a concept in her study, she has created a measure that lacks

validity

When cities such as Detroit have requested an adjustment of census data, why has this research issue become a political battle? Because

the apportionment of congressional seats is tied to census study results.

Juanita is a graduate student studying male prisoners. She carefully considers how her gender, age, and education may affect the prisoners and their responses to her. Juanita is practicing

reflexivity

Harry's study compared how the posts on Craigslist of "men seeking women" differed from the posts of "women seeking men." What method was Harry using when he catalogued the traits mentioned in posts?

content analysis

A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as

a panel survey

A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable is known as the

dependent variable

You may do a study of college wrestling and use your experience as a student-athlete to access wrestling spaces, athletes, and coaches. Considering how your past opportunities and privileges influence your study and its findings is

reflexivity

Colonialism increased encounters between Europeans and non-Westerners, which exposed Europeans to living arrangements, marriage rules, styles of dress, and other practices they had not seen before. This gave rise to the reality that

alternative ways of living existed

After an exciting first week in the United States, Bryan, an international student from Malaysia, begins to feel exhausted, anxious, and confused about life in the United States. This is

culture shock

If a person judges another group by their own standards, they are being

ethnocentric

One major concern with centralized ownership of major media outlets is that

de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.

Antonio Gramsci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as

hegemony

Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and be on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Antonio Gramsci would call this

hegemony

What is the essential attribute of all media?

they communicate information

Karl Marx asserted that culture

is a reflection of the means of production at a particular time

An example of material culture is

clothing

Which of the following is always a cultural behavior?

shaking hands

Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g., student, son or daughter, employee, citizen). This list of statuses is known as the

status set

According to the theory proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a concept of self by

interpreting how others think about us

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

a convent

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of social development, children first learn to recognize an other through

imitation

Which of the following represents an ascribed status?

African American woman

Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status?

civil rights lawyer

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called

roles

According to Erving Goffman, when there is a breach in an established script, people generally

work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward

Matthew and Marissa's three-year-old daughter picks her nose and climbs on the chair and the table while they are dining at a fancy restaurant. According to the theories developed by George Herbert Mead, this is most likely because she has NOT

internalized the generalized other

Diego has a paper due in his sociology class, a test in his astronomy class, and field notes due in his anthropology class this week. On top of this, he needs to meet with his adviser to plan his schedule for the next academic term. Diego feels stressed. He is experiencing

role strain

Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice?

affirmative action

A professor assigns a group project. In one group, Darin does nearly all the work. Martin, Aaid, and Abbey seem to shirk responsibility, assuming that because it's a group, someone else will pull the extra weight. Viewed with a sociological lens, this is

the free rider problem

Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the American South before the Civil War?

estate system

Ayla is a city council member trying to make her city more egalitarian. She has been focusing on ensuring all babies and children have adequate nutrition because she believes in the importance of everyone having an equal starting point in life. She is concerned with equality of

condition

Which of the following is a factor necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs?

girls education

The best predictors of children's educational and other life outcomes are their parents'

level of education and net worth

The game Monopoly exemplifies equality of

opportunity

In the 1980s, journalist Ken Auletta coined the term underclass. He said that the underclass was different from the "rest of us" in that people in this class

tended to be more dangerous than the middle class

In general, a major goal of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to

get people back into the labor market as soon as possible

Pat and Jody both live in the San Francisco Bay Area, an area with one of the highest housing costs in the country. Pat works as a psychologist, making about $75,000 per year, while Jody makes about $110,000 annually as a designer. Both have master's degrees in their fields. Despite her higher income, Jody has more economic stress than Pat. This most likely means that Pat __________ than Jody.

has more net worth

Jane is a single mother in poverty. She has intermittent, low-paying employment. Because she is forced to move a lot, she hasn't established a reliable social network for support or friendships for her children. To determine what effect this has on her children's outcomes, what factors would the parenting stress hypothesis examine?

household stress levels and their effect on jane’s patience and parenting style

Connor is a policy analyst who argues that welfare programs are counterproductive because they discourage beneficiaries from even trying to find employment. Connor believes that welfare benefits create

a perverse incentive

The Moving to Opportunity study didn't show any change in which factors between the control and treatment groups?

employment and earnings

In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it

a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms

The longevity discrepancy between Black people and White people may be a result of

social inequality

Elaine is a sociologist joining a multidisciplinary international development team. The team wants to promote economic development in underdeveloped parts of the world. Their funds are limited, so they want to choose the intervention that will be most effective. Elaine turns to the work of Jeffrey Sachs and concludes that the most important intervention will be

eliminating malaria

The development of the American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently) of

homeopathic medicine

According to surveys, which quality in doctors do patients rate as most important?

bedside manner

Zeynep is conducting a study to document how rates of illness differ between three rural communities. She is researching __________ rates.

morbidity

Before the Affordable Care Act was passed, Jamie had a difficult time getting health insurance due to a bout of cancer she survived as a teenager. The insurance companies would either deny her coverage or try to charge her an exorbitant price she could not afford. This practice by insurance companies was known as

risk adjustment