chapters 3,4,5,6

Subcellular structures such as mitochondria and lysosomes — membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions are called

organelles

The collective term for all of the material located between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane of a cell is called

Cytoplasm

Microtubules and Microfilaments

The diagonally arranged protein fibers in the figure (indicated by the arrows), consists of ________, form the cells skeleton or cytoskeleton.

Actin and Myosin

As in the human body, the cytoskeleton, aided by contractile proteins such as ________, is associated with a “musculature” that permits various cellular movements.

Kinesin ; Dynein

Vesicles are moved in an axon toward its terminal by ________, while the vesicles can be transported in the opposite direction along the microtubule by _________.

Organelle

Microscopic structures visible in the cytoplasm of cells are the ______.

Which chemical aggregate is formed in the liver, striated muscles, and some other tissues?

Glycogen granules

Which chemical aggregate is formed in the melanocytes of the skin?

Melanin granules

What chemical aggregate is formed within adipose cells?

Triglycerides

Organelles ; Cytosol

All primary components of the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Primarily composed of microtubules and microfilaments

Cytoskeleton

Capable of rapid reorganization, flexibility, and movement

Microtubules

Polymers of tubulin proteins

Lysosomes

Enzymes required for digesting phagocytized organic materials are isolated from cytoplasm and concentrated in membrane bound sacs called?

Actin, dyneins, kinesins, myosin, and tubulin are the names of _________.

Proteins

Microtubules and microfilaments are the names of __________, made of different types of proteins.

Subcellular structures

A membrane bound sac containing only digestive enzymes in an environment with a lower pH than the surrounding cytoplasm is called an ________.

Primary lysosome

Some cells of the body store chemicals in aggregates called _______.

Inclusions

The presence of partially digested membranes of other organelles and of other cellular debris in a secondary lysosome provides evidence that ________ is occurring in the cell.

Autophagy

The collective term for all of the material located between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane of a cell is called _______.

Cytoplasm

A normal stage of _______, or programmed cell death, involves the release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, destroying the cell.

Apoptosis

A membrane bound organelle containing enzymes that specialize in oxidative reactions is called an ______.

Peroxisomes

Lysosomes contain ______ that are kept separate from the cytoplasm to be used for digestion.

Digestive enzymes

Detoxifying oxidation reactions occur in the _______, found in most cells; these structures are particularly large and active in cells of the _______, where most alcohol metabolism occurs.

Peroxisomes ; Liver

A structure called an ________ lysosome, containing partially digested remnants of organelles and phagocytized organic material, is formed when a food vacuole fuses with an _______ lysosome.

Secondary ; Primary

By the process called _______, which literally means “self eating” worn out organelles are destroyed and then replaced.

Autophagy

During normal embryonic development, early stage tissue such as gill pouches and tail, as tissue between digits, is lost at the appropriate time due to the normal process of programmed cell death, also known as _______.

Apoptosis

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, an unstable molecule with bleach like properties, is broken down into water, H2O and oxygen gas, O2, by the enzyme ______.

Catalase

Spherical membranous organelles in which harmful substances are detoxified by oxidation are called ______.

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria are most directly involved in ______.

ATP production in cells

Enzymes called ______ promote the removal of hydrogen atoms from organic molecules, a process called oxidation, and the transfer of the hydrogen atoms to molecular oxygen (which is reduced).

Oxidases

In the image illustrating the structure of a mitochondrion, the outer membrane is indicated by the letter ________, the inner membrane is indicated by the letter ________, the folds or cristae by the letter _______, and the matrix by the letter _______.

D , C , B , A

A membrane bound sac containing only digestive enzymes in an environment with a lower pH than the surrounding cytoplasm is called an _______.

Primary lysosome

The mitcochondria in human cells _______.

May have originated form bacteria like organisms , have their own DNA , can self replicate

The presence of partially digested membranes of other organelles and of other cellular debris in a secondary lysosome provides evidence that _______ is occurring in the cell.

Autophagy

Oxidation reactions in mitochondria

Produce superoxide radicals , may contribute to aging

The reaction 2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2 is catalyzed by the enzyme _______ in organelles called ________

Catalase , Peroxisomes

Ribosomes are most directly involved in the process of

Protein synthesis

Mature red blood cells are among the very few cells of the body that do not have _______ where energy is produced

Mitochondria

The folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria are called

Cristae

Ribosomes are located

Bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Free in the cytoplasm, unattached to the membrane of any organelle

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA

Are associated with human diseases

May be caused by superoxide radicals

Cellular proteins are all synthesized on structures called

Ribosomes

Identify the 2 subunits of a ribosome

Small and large

Mitochondria are most directly involved in

ATP production in cells

RNA molecules with enzymatic or catalytic properties are called

Ribozymes

Ribosomes can be found free in the ______ as well as on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Cytoplasm

Ear stands for ______ reticulum

Endoplasmic

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _______ on the surface where smooth ER does not

Ribosomes

Cavities in Golgi are known as

Cisternae

The central cavities of the flattened membranous sacs of the Goldie complex are called

Cisternae

RNA molecules with enzymatic or catalytic properties are called

Ribozymes

Cell products are _____ as they move through the Golgi complex

Chemically modified

Golgi apparatus is also called the Golgi ____

Complex

The enzymatic activity of ribozymes is involved in the remodeling of ________ molecules

RNA