Chapter 10: The Digestive System

cec/o

blind intestine

chol/o

bile, gall

choledoch/o

common bile duct

col/o, colon/o

colon

cyst/o

bladder, sac

dent/o

teeth

duoden/o

twelve, duodenum

enter/o

small intestine

esophag/e, esophag/o

gullet, esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o

tongue

hepat/o

liver

ile/o

to roll, ileum

jejun/o

empty, jejunum

lingu/o

tongue

or/o

mouth

pancreat/o

sweetbread, pancreas

peps/o, pepto/o

digestion

peritone/o

to stretch over, peritoneum

proct/o

rectum

pylor/o

pylorus

rect/o

rectum

sial/o

saliva

sigm/o

the letter s, sigmoid colon

stomat/o

mouth

digestive system

converts food into a from the body can use for energy, growth, and repair

GI

gastrointestinal tract

microbiota

increase in density or spread to other body areas, severe infections can result

aphagia

inability to swallow

ascites

accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen

constipation

infrequent or incomplete bowel movements

diarrhea

frequent discharge of watery fecal material occurs

dyspepsia

condition of difficult digestion

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

flatus

presence of gas in the GI tract

gastrodynia

condition of stomach pain

halitosis

bad breath

hematemesis

vomiting blood

hepatomegaly

abnormally large liver

jaundice

results from accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that are normally removed from the liver, sign of liver disease

nausea

symptom of dizziness

reflux

back flow, regurgitation

steatorrhea

abnormal levels of fat in the feces, sign of digestive malfunction

anorexia nervosa

nervous condition of absence of appetite

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

bulimia

ravenous hunger

chelitis

splitting of the lips and corners of the mouth, normally resulting from a vitamin B deficiency

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

choledochitis

inflammation of the common bile duct

cholelithiasis

condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts

cirrhosis

chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue

cleft palate

congenital defect in which thed bones supporting the roof of the mouth fail to fuse during fetal development leaving space between the oral and nasal cavity

colitis

inflammation of the segment of the large intestine know as the colon

colorectal cancer

abnormal mass of tissue that projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom, turns into a malignant tumor

crohn’s disease

chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract

diverticulosis

small pouches called diverticula get inflamed and increases chances of developing colorectal cancer

duodenal ulcer

ulcer or erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine

dysentery

acute inflammation of the GI tract caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants

enteritis

inflammation of the small or large intestine

esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

food-borne illness

ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria, ex: E. coli, salmonella

gastrectasis

abnormal stretching or dilation of the stomach

gastric cancer

stomach cancer, caused by a aggressive form of cancer cells in the lining of the stomach

gastric ulcer

ulcer or erosion in the wall of the stomach

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and the small intestine

gastroesophageal

recurring backflow, or reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus

gastromalacia

softening of the stomach wall

giardiasis

infection of the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis, or Giardia lamblia

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums, or gingivae

glossitis

inflammation of the tongue

hemorriods

varicose or swollen condition of the veins in the anus

hepatitis

viral induced inflammation of the liver

malignant hepatoma

tumor arising from cells within the liver

hiatal hernia

abnormal protrusion through the cardiac portion of the stomach

inflammatory bowel disease

(IBD) includes conditions ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease

intussusception

infolding of the small intestine within another segment

irritable bowel syndrome

(IBS) chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of the large intestine function without clear physical damage

lactose intolerence

lack of the enzyme that breaks down lactose

malabsorption syndrome

difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients

celiac disease

autoimmune disorder where ingesting gluten causes the immune system to damage the small intestine's lining

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

parotitis

inflammation of one or both of the parotid glands

proctitis

inflammation of rectum

proctoptosis

drooping or prolapse if the rectum

volvulus

severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction

abdominocentesis

surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid

antacid

agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity

antiemetic

a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex

antispasmodic

a drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract

appendectomy

surgical removal of the appendix

bariatric surgery

one of the most common surgeries of the GI tract, used for treating obesity

cathartic

agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon

cheilorrhaphy

the procedure of suturing a lip

cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gallbladder

cholecystogram

x-ray image of the gallbladder

choledocholithotomy

surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct

colonoscopy

visual inspection of the colon’s interior

total colectomy

surgical removal of the entire length of the colon