Medical Science, Chapter 46: Respiratory System

parabronchi (pp.998)

branchioles in birds

nasal cavities (p. 998)

the space inside the nose

larynx (p. 999)

an opening in the pharynx leads to ___

pharynx (p. 999)

throat region in the back of the nasal cavities

epiglottis (p. 1001)

a flap of tissue that automatically closes off the larynx so that food and liquid enter the esophagus during swallowing

trachea (p. 1001)

windpipe, which is kept from collapsing by rings of cartilage in rings

bronchi (p. 1001)

two branches that the trachea divides into

pleural membrane (1001)

each lung is covered with ___, which forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung and extends outward to become the lining of thoracic cavity

alveoli (p. 1001)

each bronchiole ends in a cluster of tiny air sacs

breathing (p. 1001)

mechanical process of moving air from the environment into the lungs and expelling air from the lungs

pulmonary surfactant (p. 1002)

a detergent-like phospholipid mixture secreted by specialized epithelial cells in the lining of the alveoli; intersperses between water molecules, reducing their cohesive forces

tidal volume (p. 1002)

amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each normal resting breath is

residual volume (p. 1002)

the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

vital capacity (p. 1002)

max amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs to the max extent

partial pressure (p. 1003)

each gas exerts this - the same pressure it would exert if it were present alone

Fick’s law of diffusion (p. 1003)

explains the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide that diffuses across the membrane of an alveolus depends on the differences in partial pressures of the two sides of the membrane, and on the surface area of the membrane - the gas diffuses faster if the difference in pressure or the surface area increases

respiratory pigments (p. 1003)

combine reversibly with oxygen and greatly increase the capacity of blood to transport it

hemocyanins (p. 1003)

copper-containing proteins dispersed in the hemolymph of many species of mollusks and anthropods

hemoglobin and myoglobin (form of hemoglobin found in muscle fibers) (p. 1003)

the most common respiratory pigments in animals

oxygen-carrying capacity (p. 1003)

the max amount of oxygen that hemoglobin can transport

oxygen content (p. 1003)

the actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Bohr effect (p. 1003)

displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve by a change in pH

carbonic anhydrase (p. 1004)

enzyme that causes the formation of carbonic acid to proceed much more rapidly inside RBCs

respiratory centers (p. 1004)

regulate a rhythmic, involuntary process of breathing in the brain stem

chemoreceptors (p. 1005)

when stimulated, they send impulses to the respiratory centers, which increase breathing rate

hypoxia (p. 1005)

deficiency of oxygen

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (p. 1006)

a method for aiding victims who have suffered respiratory and cardiac arrest

hyperventilation (p. 1006)

making series of deep inhalations and exhalations to blow off CO2 to reduce the CO2 content of the alveolar air and of the blood allowing divers to remain underwater longer before the urge to breathe becomes irresistible

decompression sickness (p. 1006)

caused by a rapid decrease in barometric pressure

diving reflex (p. 1007)

physiological mechanisms activate when a mammal dives to its limit (metabolic rate decreases, breathing stops, slowing of the heart, aka bradycradia, occurs)

bronchial constriction (p. 1008)

one of the body’s most rapid defense responses to breathing dirty air - tubes narrow, increasing the chances of inhaled particles landing on the sticky mucous lining, however less air can reach the lungs

pulmonary emphysema (p. 1009)

a disease most common in cigarette smokers; alveoli lose their elasticity, and walls between adjacent alveoli are destroyed - the surface area of the lung is so reduced that gas exchange is seriously impaired, so air is not expelled effectively, therefore accumulating stale air in the lungs