a + p 1 lab prac 1 - bones

axial skeleton

the central core

• skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

• protect vital organs + support the head, neck, and torso.

Skull, anterior
- facial and cranial bones

left to right:

• sphenoid bone

• ethmoid bone

• maxilla

• mandible

• vomer bone —> voldemort bone **

• zygomatic bone —> my cheekbone is what makes ppl wanna make zygotes w/me **

• lacrimal bone —> lachimolala bone —> jimin bone —> eye bone

• nasal bone

• frontal bone

Skull, lateral view
- facial and cranial bones

left to right:

• parietal bone

• temporal bone

• occipital bone

• mandible

• maxilla

• zygomatic process (process = projection **)

• nasal bone

• lacrimal bone

• sphenoid bone (side bone**)

• frontal bone

Skull, inferior view
- cranial and facial bones

• palatine bone

• sphenoid bone

• temporal bone

• mastoid process

• occipital bone

• occipital condyle

• styloid process — style comes from within

• vomer -- vomer vomit bone **

• zygomatic bone

• maxilla

Skull, posterosuperior view of cranial cavities
- cranial cavity, cranial and facial bones

• lesser wing of sphenoid

• greater wing of sphenoid

• occipital bone

• temporal bone

• sella turcica

• crista galli

• frontal bone

Skull, superior view
- sutures + other structures

• frontal bone

• parietal bone

• sutural bone

• occipital bone — at the back where the optic nerve goes

• lambdoid suture

• sagittal suture — if you have something sagging, they’d give you a big suture down the middle**

• coronal suture

Skull, inferior view
- foramen and canals

• incisive fossa

• greater palatine foramen

• mandibular fossa

• foramen spinosum

• foramen lacerum

• stylomastoid foramen

• jugular foramen

• carotid canal

• foramen ovale

Skull, lateral view with sutures + other structures
- facial and cranial bones

• external acoustic meatus

• lambdoid structure

• mastoid process

• styloid process — pointy stylish *

• zygomatic process

• squamous suture — where grandma got sutures for her squamous cancer bc now she wear wig**

• coronal suture

Skull, superior view of cranial cavity holes
- cranial cavity holes

• optic canal

• foramen magnum — need a magnum for that hole **

• jugular foramen

• carotid canal

• foramen ovale

Vertebral column, articulated

• spinous processes (processes PROTRUDE **)

• intervertebral foramina (foramina = holes for nerves, arteries, etc. to pass through)

• intervertebral discs

• sacrum + sacral curvature

• lumbar vertebrae + curvature

• thoracic vertebrae + curvature

• cervical vertebrae + curvature

Atlas, C1, superior view
- top vertebrae of spine

• transverse process (protrudes)

• superior articular facet (connects vertebrae)

• anterior arch

• lateral mass

• transverse foramen (hole)

• posterior arch

Atlas, C2, inferior view

• transverse process

• posterior arch

• transverse foramen

• inferior articular facet

• anterior arch

Atlas, C2, dens labeled, superior view

• transverse process

• dens (odontoid process)

• spinous process

• vertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae, superior view

• body

• transverse process

• transverse foramen

• spinous process

• vertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae in position
- transverse + spinous processes labeled

• transverse processes

• spinous processes

Thoracic vertebra, superior view

• body

• transverse process

• spinous process

• vertebral foramen

Thoracic vertebra, posterior view

• transverse process

• spinous process

Lumbar vertebra, superior view

• transverse process

• spinous process

• body

• vertebral foramen

Lumbar vertebra, posterior view

• transverse process

• body

• spinous process

Sacrum + Coccyx

• coccyx

• sacral foramina

• Ala — ala ocarina coccyx **

Sternum

top to bottom:

• manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

Rib

top to bottom:

• body

• neck

• head

appendicular skeleton

the appendages

• facilitate movement

• upper limbs, lower limbs, girdles

girdles

The bone groups that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

• (the pectoral girdle for the shoulders and the pelvic girdle for the hips)

Hip bone, lateral view, right ilium

• greater sciatic notch **

• acetabulum — i see a your bootylum — acetabulum

• iliac crest

• ilium

Hip bone, lateral view, right ischium

• lesser sciatic notch

• ischium

• ischial tuberosity

• acetabulum (articulates for hip joint)**

Hip bone, medial view, right ischium

• obturator foramen

• ischial ramus

• ischial tuberosity

• lesser sciatic notch

• ischial spine

Articulated pelvis, male (left) and female (right), anterior view

• obturator foramen

• sacrum

• ischial tuberosity

• iliac fossa

• iliac crest

• pubic symphysis

• acetabulum

male bigger, longer sacrum

female smaller, wider, shorter sacrum

Articulated pelvis, male (l), female (r), lateral view

• acetabulum

• ischial tuberosity

• ischial spine

• coccyx

• sacrum

• greater sciatic notch

• iliac crest

Articulated pelvis, male (l), female (r), superior view

• body of sacrum

• iliac crest

• ischial spine

• pelvic brim

• coccyx

• iliac fossa

• superior articular process

• pubic crest

Articulated pelvis, male (l), female (r), demonstrating angles

• coccyx in male = more ventral

• pubic angle in male = more acute

• ilium of female = flared

• ischial tuberosities in female = farther apart

Femur, anterior view, right side

• shaft

• lateral condyle (the rounded prominence at the end of a bone that helps form a joint. Covered in smooth cartilage, it allows bones to articulate (connect and move) smoothly with one another.)

• patellar surface

• medial condyle

• lesser trochanter (inner) (a large, bony prominence on the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) where major muscles attach)

• neck

• head — looks like the head of a penis **

• greater trochanter (outer)

Femur, posterior view, right side

• medial condyle

• lateral condyle

• greater trochanter

• head

• neck

• lesser trochanter

Tibia, anterior view, right side

• medial malleolus (prominent, bony bumps on either side of the ankle)

• medial condyle

• lateral condyle

• tibial tuberosity (a large, rounded, and typically roughened prominence on a bone. Its primary function is to serve as a strong, secure attachment point for muscles, tendons, and ligaments)

Tibia, lateral view, right side

• medial malleolus

• tibial tuberosity

• lateral condyle

Fibula, anterior view, right side

• lateral malleolus

• head

• fibula is on outside of leg and thin

Foot, anterior view

• talus

• metatarsals (bones before toe tips)

• phalanges

Foot, lateral view

• phalanges

• metatarsals

• cuboid

• calcaneus

• talus

Humerus, anterior view, right side

• lateral epicondyle (a raised, rounded bony prominence located on or above a condyle)

• capitulum

• trochlea

• medial epicondyle

• shaft

• surgical neck

• head

Humerus = upper arm bone

Humerus, posterior view, right side

• medial epicondyle

• trochlea

• olecranon fossa (a broad, shallow depression or hollow space, typically found on the surface of a bone. Derived from the Latin word meaning "ditch" or "trench", fossae serve crucial roles as attachment points for muscles, vessels, or nerves, and to cradle other organs) — crucial for elbow joint

• lateral epicondyle

• shaft

• surgical neck

• head

Humerus = upper arm bone

Ulna, anterior view, right side

• head AT BOTTOM***

• shaft

• trochlear notch

• olecranon process

Ulna = little inner forearm bone

Ulna, lateral view, right side

• styloid process

• head

• shaft

• coronoid process

• trochlear notch

• olecranon process

Ulna, medial view, right side

• head

• styloid process

• shaft

• olecranon process

• trochlear notch

• coronoid process

Radius, anterior view, right side

• styloid process

• head AT TOP**

Radius, lateral view, right side

• styloid process

• shaft

• head

Hand, overview, anterior view, right side

• carpals

• metacarpals

• distal phalanges (far from trunk)

• middle phalanges

• proximal phalanges (close to trunk)

Clavicle, inferior view, right side

• acromial end (outer end)

• conoid tubercle

• costal tuberosity

• sternal end (medial end)

Scapula, anterior view, right side

• acromion

• glenoid fossa (cavity)

• lateral angle and neck

• infraglenoid tubercle

• lateral (axillary) border

• inferior angle

• medial (vertebral border)

• superior angle

• superior border

• suprascapular notch

• coracoid process

• subscapular fossa

Scapula, lateral view, right side

• acromion (projection from collarbone)

• spine

• infraglenoid tubercle

• lateral (axillary) border

• glenoid fossa (cavity)

• coracoid process

Scapula (shoulder), posterior view, right side

• medial (vertebral) border

• inferior angle

• lateral (axillary border)

• infraspinous fossa

• infraglenoid tubercle

• glenoid fossa (cavity)

• acromion

• coracoid process

• superior border

• supraspinous fossa

• superior angle

new terms

condyle — the rounded prominence at the end of a bone that helps form a joint. Covered in smooth cartilage, it allows bones to articulate (connect and move) smoothly with one another — on ankles and knee — joint articulation

epicondyle — epicondyle is a bony prominence or rounded eminence located just above or upon a condyle (the smooth, articular surface of a joint). Its primary function in the skeletal system is to serve as a vital anchoring site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. — elbow

trochanter — a large, bony prominence on the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) where major muscles attach — greater and lesser — on femur

tuberosities — a large, rounded, and typically roughened prominence on a bone. Its primary function is to serve as a strong, secure attachment point for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. — attach muscles and tendons — on legs

fossa — a broad, shallow depression or hollow space, typically found on the surface of a bone. Derived from the Latin word meaning "ditch" or "trench", fossae serve crucial roles as attachment points for muscles, vessels, or nerves, and to cradle other organs (like the brain)

transverse — a horizontal cross-section that divides the body or organs into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions — There are two on each vertebra (one on the left, one on the right), extending laterally (outward) from the sides of the bone — attach back muscles and ligaments and ribs to them

spinous — Projects directly backward from the center of the vertebra — lever for muscles + rotate the spine

vertebral — related to the vertebrae — the individual interlocking bones that stack together to form the human spine

process — any prominent projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body structure

foramen — any natural opening, perforation, or hole in a bone or tissue. Its primary function is to act as a passageway, allowing nerves, blood vessels (arteries and veins), and other soft tissues to safely travel from one part of the body to another.