Contemporary World History Exam 1

• Industrialization

• the development of mass machines involved in mechanization and production 

• Starts in GB

Why do countries become industrialized?

• Strong population 

• Stable food supply 

  • Especially potato (higher yield than other crops, tons of carbs, a starch that fills you up, long shelf life)

Norfolk System

• Established 1794 

• Legumes promote microbe that puts nitrogen back into the soil

• More and more people use this practice AND enclose their property 

• You can feed legumes to cattle, which give you “3 M’s” 

  • Milk, meat, manure

Nationalism

• pride in country or group of people, held together by common institutions, customs, language promoted by a central government

• Origins in western Europe (Germany, Italy)

• Urges national/collective unity rooted in 

1. Culture (also, religion) 

2. Race 

3. Ethnic identity

Globalization

• Interconnection of countries 

• Erosion of national boundaries and the reduced significance of national government 

  • Movement away from interaction between nation states or national government through transnational corporations, intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations 

  • Means global change is running ahead of governments ability to manage the economy 

  • Is more than just the expansion of economic change 

What caused the first Industrial Revolution and why did it start in the late 18^th century?

Population growth 

                  Food supply 

                              Potato 

                              Maize 

                                          Norfolk system – esb 1794 

                   Higher birthrate 

               

this leads to a rise in consumption of natural resources particularly coal and iron which leads to mass mechanization in order to meet demands

textile mass machines and innovation

• spinning Jenny

• water frame

• mule 

• cotton gin

mass production due to division of labor

• Josiah Wedgewood – pyrometer 

  • Thermometer that reads higher points of heat 

  • Helped develop assembly-line production of very fine pottery

  • Queensware 

    • People could buy the mass-produced pottery that the very royalty of the country used (first russia then england)

    • Popularity through celebrities

Great increase into the manufacture of iron

•  Coke- Abraham Darby (1709)

  • Coal heated to a super high temperature 

  • Can be used in production of iron  

• Wrought iron- Henry Cort (1784)

  • Made from cast iron

  • Carbon removed 

• Crystal Palace (1851) 

  • Standardized building materials 

  • Makes the HUGENESS of the building possible

the steam engine and the changes it made industry and transportation

• Steam Engine- Thomas Newcomen (1702 – 1712) 

• Separate condenser – James Watt (1764 / 1769)

  • Reduces fuel use and waste

  • Can work anywhere 

• Clermont – FIRST STEAMBOAT Robert Fulton 1807

• Rocket - TRAIN LOCOMOTIVE George and Robert Stephenson

upriver travel, building of canals

you can get places faster, you get resources to places faster, you can go places you weren’t able to before

electric telegraph

• wire telegraph -  Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke

• electric telegraph – Samuel Morse

makes communication super fast… wartime deployment

Impact of Industrial Innovation

•  Rapid growth of towns and cities

  • overcrowding

  • bad municipal systems 

• Air pollution

  • sewage out of windows, chickens/animals in homes 

  • factories 

  • coal gas

• Disease

  • rickets 

    • vitamin D deficiency 

    • makes childbirth way more dangerous and dangerous 

  • dysentery

  • tuberculosis 

  • average age expectancy in London in around 1800 is 40 years, in Manchester its around 17-20 years 

ideologies

• conservatism

• liberalism

• socialism

conservatism

• political reaction to the French Revolution 

• loves tradition 

• ex. Edmund Burke 

  • “the old social order based on privilege and ecclesiastical authority” 

Liberalism

• the protection of freedom of individual from intrusion of the state 

  • classical 

    • laissez-faire economics (minimal government involvement) 

  • social 

    • individual rights (like Bill of Rights)

    • personal rights protected from intrusion of states

socialism

• “any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods” 

• Robert Owen 

Robert Owen

• New Lanark 

  • ideal textile mill

• New Harmony

  • US socialist utopia

Charles Fourier

• French shopkeeper son (father was in French revolution)

• wants to figure out capitalism

• people can work according to their passions

• children work in latrines because they like poop

Karl Marx

Marxism 

 the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Marx; especially: a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society

Communism

a: a theory advocating elimination of private property b: a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed

Second Industrial Revolution 

Growth of Technological advances

Second Industrial Revolution: Chemistry

• steel (mass produced)

  • William Kelly

  • Henry Bessemer

•   Bicycles- pneumatic tires 

• electric lights

• fertilizer

• dyes

  • william perkins = aniline purple

• nitroglycerin

  • alfred nobel (made liquid into dynamite)

• pharmaceuticals
  

second industrial revolution: pharmaceuticals

• more understanding of how the body works because of anesthesia

• nitrous oxide

  • laughing gas

  • humphrey davy

• ether

  • yankee doger

    • first public demonstration of surgical anesthetic

• Chloroform –trihalomethanes (used for making coolants & dry cleaning) 

  • Barbiturates (1864) Adolf von Baeyer

• aspirin — Felix Hoffman 

• novocaine (procaine) — Alfred Einhorn 

prosperity spread beyond favored classes

• working and middle classes 

• increased migration 

impact of pharmaceuticals

• queen victoria uses pain meds in childbirth despite pushback based on precedent set by Gen 3

• by late 1800s, people increasingly use these medications which IN TURN leads to tons of advances in science and understanding the Bible

• before these developments the understanding was "yes you will have pain in life because that’s just how life is”

changing role of women

• victorian age

  • cult of domesticity = the women’s sphere was entirely inside the home, the men’s was entirely outside (except for rest and rejuvenation)

  • virgin mary declared sinless by Pope Pius IX

  • nursing during wards pushes ideas about the capability of women

  • prostitution seen as an issue of National Security

    • normalized around military installations

    • Contagious Disease Act: government checks for women to see if they had sexually transmitted diseased (and if not, they were allowed to practice)

Jobs for Women 

• domestic 

• governess 

• nurses 

• stenographer 

• retail 

• prostitution 

women’s suffrage

• with growth of middle class women

• “women should be allowed to vote BECAUSE women can speak directly to the conditions of the home”

• women challenge the system through civil disobedience but also with more violent/extreme protests

Freud

• interpretation of dreams

• psychoanalysis

• hysteria

  • formerly just women

  • freud argued that there was something else going on

• after WWI, Freud led people to begin to reject Victorian repression and release their inhibitions 

Freudian psychology

• id — unconscious force, primitive instinct

• ego — conscious reality

• superego — morality imposed by society

Nationalism

• Italian unification 

• Germany 

  • otto van bismarck 

• russia 

  • tsar alexander II 

  • Tsar Alexander III 

  • Tsar Nicholas II 

    • “protocols of the elders of zion”

  • pogroms —wreak havoc

    • attacks on Jewish community and forced displacement 

imperialism vs colonialism

• colonus → farmer

• imperium → to command

• neo-Europes - Alfred Crosby

  • europeans settling there

  • europeans need

    • low population density

    • temperate zone

  • new imperialism

factors leading to imperialism

• technology

  • steam (steamboats which can go up the congo river to get into the heart of the congo)

  • new medical discoveries

    • quinine (comes from cinchona bark)

  • weapons — breech loaders

• rationale

  • nationalism

  • evolutionary thought

evolutionary thought

• jean baptiste lamarck

  • positive evolution

• charles Darwin

• social darwinism

  • herbert spencer — survival of the fittest

  • “white man’s burden” rudyard kipling

    • the “higher” races have a mission and a responsibility to civilize the lower races

eugenics

• francis galton (cousin of darwin)

• genetic makeup is WHO YOU ARE as a person

• certain people groups will either contribute or be a detriment to society

• buck vs bell

  • never overturned

  • “3 generations of feeble minded women is enough”

positive vs negative eugenics

• positive: encouraging best and brightest to have children

• negative: discouraging “lower” people from having kids and even sterilization

Spanish-American War

• US control of

  • Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico

• Emilio Aguinaldo (revolutionary)

  • urges people to see US as liberators

• led to philippine-american war

  • longtime US presence in philippines

Berlin Conference

• particularly focused on Africa

• meeting to decide everything to do with the Congo river

• discussion of how to have a European presence in the Congo

• scramble for Africa begins

rationale for seizing territory

• “humanitarian mission”

• resource extraction

Egypt under imperialism/colonialism

• muhammad Ali tries to modernize Egypt in order to rival Europe

• ismail pasha

  • was viceroy

  • helped british occupation of Egypt

• egypt used to be part of ottoman empire but that is falling apart

• now beginning to export Egyptian cotton

• egypt takes out extreme loans for infrastructure

  • banks on filling the hole left by American cotton after civil war but ultimately cotton goes down in value and they’re left in debt

    • british troops stationed in Egypt and they want access to Suez canal

trade in China

• export of porcelain, tea 

• lots of resources 

• large population, so large market for trade

• Qing Dynasty

  • falls apart due to opium wars

• opium war (heroin trade from Europe) 

  • free import of opium until 1917 

  • Lin Tse-hsu, imperial commissioner that opposed british

political instability

• taiping rebellion

  • heavenly kingdom of great peace 

  • led by hong xiuqian

• panthay rebellion

  • Muslim uprising 

• Dungan Revolts 

• Dowager CIXI

  • Boxer Rebellion

    •  peasants attempted to destroy dynasty and foreigners

    • attacked Christians 

    • further opens China up to Western force

• May Fourth Movement 

  • protests against the Japanese occupation of parts of China 

political instability in China

• taiping rebellion

  • heavenly kingdom of great peace 

  • led by hong xiuqian

• panthay rebellion

  • Muslim uprising 

• Dungan Revolts 

• Dowager CIXI

  • Boxer Rebellion

    •  peasants attempted to destroy dynasty and foreigners

    • attacked Christians 

    • further opens China up to Western force

• May Fourth Movement 

  • protests against the Japanese occupation of parts of China 

Japan

• was closed off to West

• Portuguese (16th century)

  • jesuits, to spread Christianity, convert a number to Christianity which causes extreme concern because it might undermine loyalty to Japanese government 

  • 300,000 japanese catholic converts 

  • leads to suppression of christians in japan 

• restriction of foreigners 1600s 

• matthew perry 

  • demanded opening of ports

• meji restoration

  • emperor mutsuhito 

  • shintoism 

    • religion that comes back into popularity, spirituality of nature and ancestors 

      • kami = spirits 

      • divinity of emperor

• reforms 

  • diet, education (free education) 

  • women — “good wife, wise mother”

  • william aryton — first electrical engineer

• economic development and militarism, expansion of influence

  • sino-japanese and russo-japanese wars

World war one beginnings 

• franz ferdinand and wife assassinated 

• triple entente formed 

  • france, britain and russia (japan, us, italy, romania, greece) 

• central powers 

  • germany, austria hungary, ottoman empire, bulgaria 

industrialization leading to the war 

• germany (production of steel) 

  • navy

  • exports

• great britain

  • trade, imports

alliances in WW1 (British specific)

• great britain

  • japan friendship agreement

  • france entente cordiale

  • russia

bosnia-herzegovina revolt

• b/h was serbian, was under austria-hungary rule

• princip (black hand) killed franz ferdinand bc he was the next in line for throne and they thought his policies would make serbians in b/h too comfortable being under austria-hungary rule

The Great War

• germany

  • schlieffen plan 

    • invade belgium to get to france 

    • used extremely brutal techniques 

    • this plan sparks britain’s entrance

    • also sparks anti-german propaganda

• globally anti-german

• influenza pandemic (spanish flu)

  • 4-6 mil deaths!

• rations

• daylight saving time (more work done in daylight hours)

• nov 1918 armistice day

  • 14 points in league of nations

• ptsd shell shock

Armenian Genocide 

• killed around 1.5 million out of 2 million 

• in turkey 

• causes wrapped up in longstanding history of conflict, religion…

• justified for the country’s greater good

difficulties of war

• trench warfare

  • disease

    • wiels disease/leptospirosis 

    • trench fever/meuse fever (lice)

  • unsanitary 

    • rats

• poison gas

  • chlorine - aphyxiation, smells like pineapple and pepper 

  • phosgene - rotten eggs 

  • mustard gas - doesn’t show effects for 12 hours 

    • skin blistering, eyes, stripping of mucous membranes, 4/5 weeks to death 

  • no poison gas after wwi 

casualties in ww1

around 20 mil total casualties 

America and WW1

• drawn in by Lusitania bc American civilians on ship

• can’t enter into war without making enemies so being ultra careful (Woodrow Wilson)

• Zimmerman note

  • from germans urging Mexico to wage war on US (to keep them occupied)

• US no major army before WW1

• george creel ran propaganda urging america to involve selves in war

• joins LATE 1917

russian revolution 

• 1917 

• czar nicholas and czarist alexandra 

  • `rasputin

• mensheviks

• bolsheviks (lenin)

  • brest-litovsk treaty march 1918 with central powers

• effectively civil war in russia ending in 1921

• balfour declaration

  • brit foreign secretary author james balfour

  • lord water rothschild 2nd baron

    • mobilize jewish ppl

    • give jews homeland in palestine