A&P II Quiz #7

What component of blood determines your blood type?

Red blood cells

What characteristics of blood cells determines what blood type you have?

* What antigens are attached to your red blood cells
* Rh factor

What are antigens?

Glycoproteins with a genetic component

How does the body use glycoproteins attached to cells?

To recognize cells that are yours

* The sugar part plays an important role in recognition

What are the 2 dominant antigens?

* Antigen A
* Antigen B

What is blood type A?

Red blood cells with antigen A

What is blood type B?

Red blood cells with antigen B

What is blood type AB?

Red blood cells with antigens A and B

What is blood type O?

Red blood cells with no antigens

What do specific antigens cause your body to produce?

Specific antibodies

What antibody is produced if you have blood type A?

Antibody B

What antibody is produced if you have blood type B?

Antibody A

What antibodies are produced if you have blood type AB?

No antibodies are produced

What antibodies are produced if you have blood type O?

Antibodies A and B

What blood type is the universal donor?

Blood type O

* It won’t be attacked by any antibodies because it has no antigens

What blood types can blood type O individuals receive in blood?

Only blood type O

* They already have both antigens

What blood type is the universal receiver?

Blood type AB

* Because you don’t have any antibodies

What blood type can an individual with blood type AB donate to?

Only blood type AB

* It has both antigens so it would get attacked by every other blood type

What blood types can type A donate to?

A and AB

What blood types can type A receive?

Type A and O

What blood types can type B donate to?

Type B and AB

What blood types can type B receive?

Type B and O

What blood type can type AB donate to?

Type AB

What blood type can type AB receive?

Type A, B, AB, and O

What blood type can type O donate to?

Type A, B, AB, and O

What blood type can type O receive?

Type O

What is Rh?

A specific protein

Is your blood positive or negative if you have the Rh protein on red blood cells?

Positive

When are antibodies for Rh made?

When someone is Rh negative

What do vessels make up?

The circulatory system

Do vessels make up an open or closed system?

A closed system

Are vessels dynamic?

Yes

* They respond to stress

What is a problem with unhealthy vessels?

They can’t expand and recoil

Can vessels proliferate and grow?

Yes

What is vessel growth called?

Angiogenesis

What is an adaptation to exercise in the circulatory system?

Capillary formation in activated muscles

What is the function of vessels?

Transportation

* Delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and transporting waste from cells

How do healthy vessels help with pressure gradients?

* Expand in high pressure
* Recoil in low pressure

Can vessel responses to pressure be localized?

Yes

What property of vessels helps to keep blood flow smooth?

Elasticity of vessels

What property do vessels lose as they get damaged and old?

Elasticity

What are the 3 types of vessels?

1) Arteries

2) Veins

3) Capillaries

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart

What do veins do?

Carry blood back to the heart

What do capillaries do?

Diffusion at cells

* Oxygen leaves the blood
* Carbon dioxide enters the blood

What is the lumen of blood vessels?

The hollow opening of the vessels where blood is flowing that is surrounded by layers

What are the layers surrounding the lumen called?

Tunica

What are the 3 layers of the Tunica called from deepest to most superficial?

1) Tunica Intima

2) Tunica Media

3) Tunica Externa

What is the tunica intima made up of?

Endothelial cells

How are healthy endothelial cells positioned?

Tightly held together

Are endothelial cells smooth or rough?

Very smooth

* To reduce friction with blood flowing by

In what vessels are all 3 tunica present?

* Arteries
* Veins
* Large capillaries

Is the tunica intima larger in arteries or veins?

Veins because veins have a larger diameter

In what vessel is the tunica media the largest layer?

Arteries

What is the tunica media made up of in arteries?

Elastin fibers and smooth muscle

What property do elastin fibers give vessels?

Elasticity

What properties do smooth muscles give vessels?

Structure and some elasticity

What is the tunica media made up of in veins?

* Lots of collagen fibers
* Smooth muscle
* Very few elastin fibers

Why does the tunica media in veins have a lot more structure and much less elasticity?

It’s not important for the tunica media to expand and recoil in veins because veins have such low pressure

What feature do veins have due to such low pressure?

Valves to prevent backflow and fight gravity

* Valves shut as soon as blood flows by

Do arteries or veins have more smooth muscle in their tunica media?

Arteries

What does smooth muscle do in veins?

* Venoconstriction
* Gives veins structure so they don’t collapse in such low pressure

In what vessel is the tunica externa the largest layer?

Veins

What is the tunica externa made up of in arteries?

Collagen fibers, smooth muscle, and elastin fibers

What does the tunica externa do in arteries?

* Gives sturdiness
* Hold arteries in place

What is the tunica externa made up of in veins?

Collagen fibers and smooth muscle

Why do veins have lots of collagen fibers?

Because they need a lot of structure with such low pressure

What is the ratio of collagen and smooth muscle in veins?

Mostly collagen with some smooth muscle

What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

The pulmonary trunk in the pulmonary system

* Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

What kind of blood is carried by arteries systemically?

Oxygenated blood

What are the 3 types of arteries?

1) Muscular arteries

2) Arterioles

3) Elastic arteries

Where are elastic arteries located?

Closest to the heart

What do elastic arteries have a lot of in their tunica media?

Lots of elastin fibers

What do elastic arteries have to do?

Compensate pressure from the volume and pressure of blood coming from the heart

* Uses expansion and recoil

What happens if arteries can’t expand and recoil in response to pressure changes?

They become too weak and break

* Aneurism

What artery is an example of an elastic artery?

The aorta

Even thought the tunica media of elastic arteries is mostly elastin fibers, do elastic arteries have more or less smooth muscle than other arteries?

More smooth muscle because the diameter of elastic arteries is larger than the other arteries

What kind of arteries are the result of elastic arteries branching and dividing?

Muscular arteries

What are muscular arteries?

Arteries we name for the specific area of the body that they deliver blood to

What artery is an example of a muscular artery?

The carotid artery

In the tunica media of muscular arteries, is the smooth muscle or elastin fiber content greater?

The smooth muscle content is greater

Can vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur in muscular arteries?

Yes

Do arteries closer or further from the heart have to sustain greater pressure?

Closer to the heart

* Elastic arteries must sustain the greatest pressure

As muscular arteries get further from the heart, what do they give way to?

Arterioles

What is the tunica media made up of in arterioles?

Smooth muscle

* Occasionally some elastin fibers too

In what type of artery are vasodilation and vasoconstriction dominant?

Arterioles

What do arterioles do?

Serve capillaries

How do arterioles serve capillaries?

The make sure pressure is not too high to enter the capillaries, but will also meet the needs of capillaries

Why are capillaries fragile?

They are made up of only 1 layer of endothelial cells

Why are capillaries so thin?

To allow for diffusion of nutrients and gases

What are the 3 types of capillaries from most common to least common?

1) Continuous

2) Fenestrated

3) Sinusoid

What are continuous capillaries?

Capillaries where all the endothelial cells are adjacent with occasional small gaps between cells

Where are continuous capillaries found?

In skin and muscles

What are the small gaps occasionally between endothelial cells called?

Capillary Intracellular clefts

What are intracellular clefts for?

Diffusion of nutrients

What are fenestrated capillaries?

Capillaries with intracellular clefts, adjacent endothelial cells, and pores

What are the pores in fenestrated capillaries called?

Fenestrations

What do fenestrations allow for?

Quicker diffusion

Where are fenestrated capillaries?

The small intestine, kidneys, and some endocrine glands releasing big hormones

What are sinusoid capillaries?

Capillaries with really large gap junctions between endothelial cells so they are really permeable