bio ch 7 🧬🔬

microscope

the invention of the _______ made cell discovery possible

Cells

Robert Hooke used this name to refer to the tiny chambers he saw in the microscope

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells come from other cells

fluorescent dyes

these help scientists see the movement of compounds and structures in living cells

light microscope

microscope w/ image formed by 2 lenses focusing light

transmission electron microscope

microscope w/ image formed by beams of electrons passing through a thin sample

scanning electron microscope

microscope w/ beam of electrons scanning over the surface of a sample

cell membrane

consists of a phospholipid bilayer and controls what enters and leaves the cell

hydrophilic

the heads of the phospholipid bilayer are ________

hydrophobic

the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are _______

prokaryotic cells

cells that do not contain a membrane enclosed nucleus; typically bacteria and archea are composed of this type of cell

eukaryotic cells

cell that contains a membrane enclosed nucleus; describes most cells, except for bacteria and archea

organelle

little organs that are only found in eukaryotic cells

nucleus and ribosomes

organelles involved in the genetic control of the cell

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and perixomes

organelles involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules

mitochondria and chloroplasts

organelles involved in energy processing

cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and cell wall

organelles that provide the cell with structural support, movement, and communication

cell wall, plastics, central vacuole

only plant cells contain these organelles

nucleus

contains most of the cells DNA, directs protein synthesis

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

chromosomes

When a cell is ready to divide the DNA within the cell's nucleus transforms into which form of DNA?

nuclear envelope

double membrane of nucleus that has pores that allow molecules to go in and out of the nucleus

ribosomes

once they leave the nucleus, they are responsible for making proteins

free ribosomes

ribosomes that are suspended in the cytoplasm and they help make proteins to function within the cytoplasm

bound ribosomes

ribosomes attached to the ER and they make proteins that are packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell

smooth ER

responsible for making phospholipids and steroids

rough ER

is the site of proteins that will be transported out of the cell and has attached ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

receives proteins from ER and finishes and sorts them

lysosomes

membranous sac with enzymes from golgi apparatus to help digestion of food particles engulfed by the cell

vacuoles

stores water, food, and nutrients

contractile vacuole

helps to eliminate water

nucleoid

a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

flagella

a tail structure on a cell

chromatin

dna that needs to be read

peroxisomes

neutralizes harmful toxins so that they do not cause damage in the cells

mitochondria

enclosed by two membranes, conducts cellular respiration and makes all the ATP molecules which provides energy for the cell

vesicles

small membraned "sacks" transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

correct order of organization from simplest to most complex

homeostasis

An organism's ability to maintain a balanced internal environment

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a membrane that doesn’t require energy

passive transport

moves from high to low concentration, doesn’t require energy

active transport

goes from low to high concentration requires energy in the form of ATP

isotonic

equal concentration, cell volume won’t react

hypotonic

below level concentration, cell will expand

hypertonic

above level concentration, cell will shrink

osmoregation

the control of water balance

facilitated diffusion

a form of diffusion that gets help from the concentration gradient and doesn’t need energy

exocytosis

used to export bulky molecules such as proteins or polysaccharides

endocytosis

used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell, has 2 types of it

phagocytosis

cellular “eating” of a particle by wrapping cell membrane around it to form a vacuole

pinocytosis

cellular “drinking” where a cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into a vesicle