AP Biology Unit 2

Cell Theory Claim 1: All

All organisms are made of cells

Cell Theory Claim 2: Cells

Cells come from preexisting cells

Cell Theory Claim 3: Cell

Cell is the fundamental unit of life

Who helped to develop cell theory?

Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwwann, Anton Von Leuwenhoek, and other dudes

When were cells first observed?

1665

Who first observed cells in 1665?

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Three types of cells.

cocci-sphere, bacilli-rod, spiral-spiral

How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?

It acts as a selective barrier that controls the movement of substances in/out of the cell.

How do cells store and transmit information?

They store information in DNA, then they transmit the information through chemical transmission.

What molecules are involved in the storing and transferring of information?

DNA, RNA

What is meant by the 'Central Dogma'?

The fundamental pathway that helps synthesize proteins.

What molecules are involved in the 'Central Dogma'?

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins

How do cells process energy?

By breaking down nutrients through cellular respiration to make ATP

What role does ATP play in processing energy?

ATP is made through cellular respiration, and stores energy in its bonds, which are then released during hydrolysis.

What is Catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones.

What is Anabolism?

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones.

How are Eubacteria different from Archaebacteria?

Eubacteria- largest bacteria group, contain cell wall w peptidoglycan.

Archaebacteria- lack peptidoglycan in cell wall, live in extremely harsh conditions.

What are some examples of Archaebacteria?

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

What is a plasmid?

A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, that is separate from the main bacterial chromosome.

How do bacteria utilize plasmids?

They use them for trait-spreading, vertical inheritance, and survival.

What are three ways that bacteria can incorporate new genes to promote?

Through conjugation, transduction, and transformation.

What is Conjugation?

The direct cell-to-cell transfer of DNA via a pilus.

What is Transformation?

The uptake of free DNA form the environment.

What is Transduction?

The transfer of DNA via a virus.

Unicellular definition

A living organism that is made up of a single cell.

Multicellular definition

A living organism that is made up of multiple cells.

An example of a microscopic cell

skin cell

What is homeostasis?

The act of keeping a stable internal environment.

What are the 5 physiological parameters that humans must keep in a narrow range for homeostasis?

Blood pressure, blood sugar, blood PH, heart rate, and temperature.

What are the physical features of DNA?

-double stranded helix

-sugar phosphate backbone

-bases that code for amino acids

What is the molecule that takes DNA information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

RNA

What is the structure that translates RNA into proteins?

Ribosomes

What is metabolism

The set of chemical reactions by which all cells transfer energy from one form to another, and build/breakdown molecules.

What molecules is the energy currency of life?

ATP

Describe the hand-off of information from molecule to molecule.

DNA is translated into RNA, which is then transcribes into protein with the help of ribosomes.

2 major groups of Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

What are three major differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes have flagella, Eukaryotes have cilia.Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, Prokaryotes don't.Eukaryotes have a nucleus, Prokaryotes don't.

What do plant cells have?

• Cell wall

• Chloroplasts

• Water Vacuole

• Mitochondria

What do plant cells not have?

Lysosomes, Centrioles, and Flagella

What do animal cells have?

• Centrioles

• Mitochondria

• Plasma Membrane

What do animal cells not have?

Chloroplast, Cell walls, Central vacuole and tonoplast, and plasmodesmata.

What compartmentalizes the Eukaryotic cell?

The endomembrane system

The nucleus is enclosed by what?

A double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

What do ribosomes do?

They manufacture proteins.

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes to manufacture proteins, while smooth ER is not covered with ribosomes. 

What does the endomembrane system include?

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and cell membrane.

What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum make?

proteins and membranes.

What are the 2 sides of the Golgi apparatus?

The Cis side(receiving) and the Trans side(shipping)

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modify, store, and ship ER products.

What is the Golgi apparatus made up of?

Stacks of membranous sacs.

What are these membranous sacs used for?

Secretion, especially for ploysaccharides.

What do Lysosomes do?

Break down macromolecules such as proteins into simpler compounds that can be used by the cell.

What do Lysosomes contain?

lysosomal enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes)

What do Lysosomes do(specific job)

destroy bacteria, recycle damaged organelles, digest food molecules, function in embryonic development in animals, and recycle cell’s own organic material.

How are the various organelles of the endomembrane system connected?

They are interconnected structurally and functionally.

What compartmentalizes the eukaryotic cell.

The endomembrane system

What do plant cells contain?

A large central vacuole

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do?

They harness energy for use by the cell.

What do chloroplast do?

They convert solar energy into chemical energy in sugars.

Where are Chloroplasts found?

In plants and some protists.

Chloroplast information

• Converts solar energy into chemical energy (sugar molecules)

• A Type of Plastid

  • Three types: (Amyloplastid, chromoplast, and chloroplast)

• Double membrane w/ thylakoids (flattened disks)

• Grana (stacked thylakoids) 

• Three compartments

-Stroma

-Intermembrane space

-Within the thylakoid membranes   

• Has its own DNA

What do mitochondria do?

Harvest chemical energy from food.

What is a centrosome?

A region near the nucleus.

What is a centriole?

9 sets of triplet microtubules in a ring

What are Cilia and Flagella?

locomotive appendages

What do the cytoskeleton and Cell wall do?

They help the cell maintain shape.

What do actin microfilaments do?

They enable cells to change shape and move.

What do intermediate filaments do?

They reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles.

What do microtubules do?

• give the cell rigidity

• provide anchors for organelles

• act as tracks for organelle movement