Gluconeogenesis

Step 1

Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. This process also involves the addition of CO2 and utilizing 2 ATP

Step 2

Oxaloacetate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme PEP carboxykinase. This process also requires addition of a phosphate, utilization of 2 GTP, and the removal of a CO2

Step 3

Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate and requires the enzyme enolase.

Step 4

2-phosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.

Step 5

3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate utilizing 2 ATP and the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase.

Step 6

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 2NADH get oxidized to 2 NAD+

Step 7

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate through aldolase

Step 8

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. A phosphate is released in this process.

This is the rate limiting step

Step 9

Fructose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase.

Step 10

Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase, releasing a phosphate group.