A brief history of oceanography

What did the Polynesian navigation device show?

Directions of winds, waves and islands

When did the Polynesian expansion start?

-1500 BC

What is the piece of equipment used to navigate in latitude by using stars?

Sextant

What did Aristotle say about tides?

Noted semi-diurnal tidal variation

-Suggested was due to weather

What did Pytheas of Massalia observed from tides?

Changes in tidal variation in different spaces

Who was the author of “Ecclesiastical History of the English People”?

The Venerable Bede

What did The Venerable Bede reported about tides?

That tidal heights and times vary between places

What did Simon Stevin explain about tides?

Timing of tides using the phases of the moon

Who was the author of “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”?

Isaac Newton

What did Isaac Newton used to describe tides?

Gravity

What were Chinese voyages primarily what?

Coastal

When dd the Chinese invent the compass?

11 Century AD

What thing caused the Chinese use of the seasonal changes of wind?

Monsoons

How many years of scientific cruises were there of “The Challenger Expedition”?

4 years

What were the expeditions objectives (The Challenger Expedition)?

-To investigate the physical condition of the deep sea in the great ocean basins

-Determine the chemical composition of seawater at various depths from the surface to the bottom, the organic matter in solution and the particles in suspension

-Ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep sea deposit and the sources of these deposits

-Investigate the distribution of organic life at different depths, and on the deep seafloor

Equipment of the HMS Challenger?

-Over 350 sample stations

-Nearly 500 depth soundings

-Over 130 deep sea dredges

-Over 4500 new species described

What hypothesis was confirmed form the Challenger Expedition?

Continental Drift

What charts were derived from The Challenger Expedition?

-Sea temperatures

-Salinity

-Current movements

What did the Challenger Expedition mapped?

The Marianas trench

-Identified the Challenger Deep

Who suggested the concept of continental drift and when?

Antonio Snider-Pellegrini and Alfred Wegener

-1915

What was much of the finding for oceanographic work in the 20th century supplemented by what?

Military Investment

Example of mistake that led us to understand our oceans better?

Hansa Carrier

-Cargo of shoes dropped into ocean

-Shoes appearing around the world

-Better understanding of tides

Example of equipment in the 21st century that is sued in oceanography?

-Aircraft

-Satellites

-Submarines