LSU PSYC 4008 Exam 3 Baumeister

Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark

Early African American pioneers who challenged sexists and racists stereotypes.

Kenneth Clark

The first African American president of the APA.

Generally, describe the famous doll studies, and what did it influence?

The doll studies documented the adverse effects of segregation on the self esteem of African American children and ultimately influenced the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.

What did William James think about free will?

William James believed that free will was an illusion and was disturbed to the point of depression.

What changed William James' mind towards free will, and what was his new approach?

After French Philosopher Renouvier defined free will as a choice, James declared, "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will."

How did William James describe consciousness, and what was the issue in his reasoning?

William James described consciousness and I as the same thing. However, this is circular reasoning.

How did William James avoid circular reasoning in his description of consciousness?

To avoid circular reasoning, William James described the characteristics of consciousness and emphasized the understanding of the function of consciousness.

Who wrote "The Principles of Psychology?"

William James

Pragmatic Epistemology

William James theorized pragmatic epistemology as the "truth" of an idea is determined by its functional value or usefulness.

Pragmatic epistemology defined truth as what?

"what is good for us to believe"

What was William James' theory on mind and body problem?

William James realized there was no mind without the body, but he accepted dualism as a pragmatic matter.

Describe William James' views within Spiritualism.

Examined spiritual phenomena from a psychological view.

In line with pragmatic philosophy, religious experiences are perceived as real, can have profound and lasting effects. Therefore, they should be taken seriously as an object of study within psychology.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The essential idea that emotion is the consequence of perception of bodily reactions rather than the cause of the reaction.

Recapitulation Theory

G Stanley Hall's theory that the

development of an individual reflected their evolution.

"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny."

Who founded first laboratory for experimental psychology?

G Stanley Hall

Who founded the American Journal of Psychology?

G Stanley Hall

Who was the first president of the APA?

G Stanley Hall

What is G Stanley Hall's contribution to developmental psychology?

G Stanley Hall was known for establishing adolescents as a distinct stage of development.

Why was G Stanley Hall interested in Freud?

G Stanley Hall was interested in Freud because he too was interested in psychoanalytic theory and sex.

Who was the first woman president of the APA?

Mary Whiton Calkins

What did Mary Whiton Calkins invent?

Mary Whiton Calkins invented "paired-associates" learning task.

What did Mary Whiton Calkins examine?

Mary Whiton Calkins examined frequency, vividness, primacy, and recency in paired-associates learning.

Faculty Psychology

Mind is composed of a number of "faculties" or "modules" each carrying out different psychological process relatively independent of each other.

The mind exists independently of physical reality; physical reality exists independently of mind

Trilogy of mind

Cognition (intellect, thinking)

Affection (emotion, feeling)

Conation (will, purposeful behavior)

Variability Hypothesis

The variability hypothesis states that men had a greater degree of variability than women on a number of traits, including intelligence.

This limited educational and financial opportunities.

What type of psychology did Titchener study, and why did this not fit in American psychology?

Titchener's aristocratic British upbringing and promotion of Wundt's laboratory structuralism clashed with the emerging American values and functionalism.

Who compares structuralism to anatomy and functionalism to physiology

Titchener

________as analogous to anatomy: organization of knowledge of mind around its component structures.

Structuralism

_________as analogous to physiology: interest is in the function of mental phenomena, including their adaptive significance

Functionalism

Who thought understanding of structure was pre-requisite to understanding function

Titchener

What is Titchener's methodology?

Elaboration of Külpe's systematic experimental introspection.

What is one problem of the elaborated form of introspective method?

It is difficult to have an experience and think about it at the same time.

Introspective habit

Refers to highly developed introspective skills acquired through practice.

Who believed it was possible to train "introspectors" so that introspection became automatic and did not require conscious effort?

Titchener

What are the three solutions proposed by Titchener to circumvent the problem of the introspective method?

Rely on memory, fractionation, and the introspective habit.

Through introspection, Titchener identified what 3 elements of the mind?

Sensations, images, affects

What is the problem with an imageless thought?

Introspection is subjective.

The issue could not be definitively resolved simply because you can't really see if that is what people are thinking.

Sensations are the elements of ______?

Perception

Images are the elements of _______?

Ideas

Affects are the elements of ______?

Emotions

What was a drill course?

Students in these courses did not produce original research but replicated classic studies, learned how to set up and work the "brass instruments," and in general became acclimated to the laboratory environment.

What is the importance of Dewey's work on the reflex arc?

Dewey described the reflex arc in holistic, functionalists terms; used a child reaching for candle as an example

What was Angell's main contribution to psychology?

Angell promotied the functionalist school through writing textbooks

What was Carr's main contribution to psychology?

Carr is best known for research on animal intelligence using mazes

Watson and Carr collaborated together on the "famous" experiment named what?

Kerplunk - the noise the rats made running into the wall.

What was Cattell's main contribution to psychology?

Cattell was known for the development of mental tests modeled after Galton's.

What test showed Cattell's mental tests did not correlate with each other or academic success (i.e. it didn't work)?

Pearson's correlation

What was Thorndike's main contribution to psychology?

Thorndike's trial and error learning.

For example, he studied cats in boxes designed so cat could get out if it made a certain response

How was "trial and error learning" in puzzle boxes the beginning of study of operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, a cat makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.

Law of Effect

When responses accompanied by satisfaction to animal will; greater satisfaction, greater the strengthening of bond.

"The better it feels, the more you do it"

Who was considered a transitional figure between structuralism/functionalism on the one hand and behaviorism on the other?

Thorndike

What was the S-O-R formulation?

Woodworth's S-O-R (stimulus, organism, response) formulation

argued that the behaviorist S-R formulation could not fully explain behavior.

S-O-R formulation was an attempt to bridge two narrow psychologies, those of Titchener and Watson (it's all mental; it's all behavior)

Who came up with the modern definition of an experiment?

Woodsworth

Who thought sensory reaction time and motor reaction time we

re two different things and he could measure them separately?

Titchener

Who measured athletic performance?

Scripture and Miles

Who developed a cognitive task in which students had to fill in missing information from a passage of prose known as a completion test?

Ebbinghaus

Who thought that mental tests should measure cognitive not sensory abilities?

Ebbinghaus

What were Binet's three levels of subnormal intellectual capacity along with their severity?

Idiots-severe

Imbeciles-moderate

Débiles- mild/educable

Débiles

The level of subnormal intellectual capacity could benefit from education in "special" classes

Mental Age

An individual's level of mental attainment in terms of the number of (chronological) years it takes an average normal child to reach the same level

Binet proposed that children with mental ages two years below their chronological age be given what?

Special education

Who translated the Binet-Simon test into English and gave it to the "feeble-minded" at the Vinland Training School

Goddard

Goddard's terms for the 3 levels of the "feeble-minded"

Idiots, imbeciles, and morons

Give formula of IQ.

IQ = MA/CA X 100; MA is mental age; CA is chronological age

Who worked at school for feebleminded and trying to use Binet-Simon test to separate people into 3 categories: idiots, imbeciles, and morons

Goddard