Class 5 - Childhood Physical and Cognitive Development Overview

What are the three stages of childhood development?

Early Childhood (ages 3-6), Middle Childhood (ages 7-9), Late Childhood (ages 10-12).

What is the rate of physical growth in early childhood?

Physical growth is slower than in infancy, averaging 2 to 3 inches per year.

What are important gross motor skills developed during preschool years?

Climbing, jumping, running, and other physical activities.

What fine motor skills do preschool children develop?

Buttoning, zipping, tying shoes, using utensils, and writing.

How does brain development progress during early childhood?

Cortical surface area increases, brain regions become specialized, and myelination continues.

What key growth occurs in the frontal lobe between ages 3 to 6?

Growth that is crucial for planning, organizing, and self-regulation.

What cognitive improvements occur from ages 7 to 12?

Increased memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities.

What are the sleep requirements for preschool children?

10 to 13 hours of sleep.

What are the sleep requirements for children aged 5 to 12?

9 to 11 hours of sleep.

What are some successful interventions to combat childhood obesity?

Limit screen time, encourage healthy eating habits, promote physical activity, and improve food security.

What are the Canadian Pediatric guidelines for screen time for children under 2?

No screen time, except for video chatting with loved ones.

What cognitive characteristics define preschool children?

Imagination is dominant.

What cognitive characteristics define middle to late childhood?

Increased attention, memory, executive function, and capacity to learn.

What is Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

A stage from ages 2 to 7 where children begin to represent the world with words and images, engage in symbolic play, and exhibit egocentrism and animism.

What is the Concrete Operational Stage according to Piaget?

A stage from ages 7 to 11 where children can perform logical operations, solve conservation problems, and understand seriation and transitivity.

What are some critiques of Piaget's theory?

It may not account for the influence of education and culture, and there is a need for more emphasis on attention and memory.

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Cognitive development depends on social interaction and is shaped by cultural context.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.

What are the components of the Information Processing Approach to cognitive development?

Attention, memory, and executive function.

What is autobiographical memory?

The ability to tell the story of one's life, which is key to developing a sense of self.

What is Theory of Mind?

The understanding that others have different mental states than one's own.

What defines intelligence according to the notes?

The ability to solve problems and adapt and learn from experiences.

What are some issues with standardized IQ testing?

Cultural bias, context of test-taking, motivation, and historical discrimination.

What are learning disabilities?

Average to above-average intelligence with difficulty in specific cognitive skills affecting school performance.

What are examples of learning disabilities mentioned?

Dyslexia (reading), dysgraphia (writing), and dyscalculia (math).

What are neurodevelopmental disabilities?

Conditions like ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders that affect behavior and social interaction.

What impact does poverty have on brain development?

Associated with reduced volumes in cortical grey matter and areas involved with memory.

What are some developmental concerns for a 10-year-old boy who is aggressive in class?

Possible issues related to attention, behavior, or unmet developmental needs.

What might explain a 6-year-old girl who falls asleep during class?

Potential issues with physical well-being, such as sleep deprivation or health problems.

What considerations should be made for an 8-year-old child who is considered obese?

Assessment of physical and cognitive development, and the impact of lifestyle and nutrition.