Chapter 6 Quiz Guide - ITEC 2201

ape together strong

(REVIEW) Data

raw facts that are devoid of context or intent. can be qualitative (ex: the car is ruby red) or qualitative (there are 5 cars)

(REVIEW) Information

processed data that possess context, relevance, and purpose.

ex: monthly sales calculated from the collected daily sales data.

(REVIEW) Knowledge

produced by the consumption of information. can be explicit or tacit

ex: the conceived relationship between the quality of goods and the sales is knowledge

Explicit Knowledge

Knowledge that can be expressed into words or numbers

Tacit Knowledge

Insights and Intuitions. Difficult to transfer to another person by means of simple communications

(REVIEW) Wisdom

combined knowledge and experience to produce a deeper understanding of a topic. Often takes many years to develop

Database

an organized collection of data that can be used to aggregate and analyze data. Helps minimize redundancy and eliminate inconsistency/enforce data integrity

Issues with Data

1. Redundancy

2. Inconsistency

3. Inaccuracy

4. Corruption

5. Lack of Integrity

Redundancy

when data is stored more than once

ex: “Student 4567 is Mary Brown, her major is Finance” is stored more than once. If Mary changes her major, all her majors stored in the system must be changed together.

Inconsistency

when the data system is huge, making changes to all redundant data is difficult if not impossible

Integrity

Consistency among stored data.

ex: this is violated when you cant find that Alex Wilson received a grade in MKT211 but cant find Alex in the student roster because the two rosters are not consistent.

Lack of integrity leads to ___________.

corrupted data

Flat Database

a single collection of data with no relation to any other collections of data

ex: spreadsheets

Relational Database

multiple collections of data that may be related to each other. a set of related tables.

Bit

stands for Binary Digit → “1” or “0”

Byte

8 bits → a single character

Field/column

one single data item

Record/Row

a set of related fields

Table

a set of related records

database management system (DBMS)

the software used to manage a database. Provide an interface to view and change the design of the database, create queries

ex: Access is Microsoft’s DBMS

Personal Use DBMS

Microsoft Access

Industrial/Enterprise Use DBMS

Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL

What do you put into a Database?

Entities, their attributes, and the relationships between those entities

Entity

A real or abstract object in the real world. becomes a table in the database

ex: customer, automobile, order (person, place, or thing - like a noun)

Attribute

Characteristic of an entity. becomes a column in the table.

ex: height, weight, name, address, age

Relationship

a connection or link between entities

ex: a customer “places” orders

ERD

Entity-Relationship Diagram

Common Field

appears in both tables

Primary Key

an identifier, a field that is unique for each record

Foreign Key

a field in another table that matches one of the values of the primary key

Normalization

to normalize a database means to design it in a way that

1. reduced data redundancy

2. ensures data integrity

Business Intelligence

used to describe the process that organizations use to take data they are collecting and analyze to obtain a competitive advantage

Big Data

massively large data sets that conventional data processing technologies do not have the sufficient power to analyze

Data Visualization

graphical representation of information and data (charts, graphs, maps)

Data Warehouses

extract data from one or more of the organizations databases and load it into the data warehouse (another database) for storage and analysis

Bottom-Up Data Warehouse

starts by creating small data warehouses called data marts to solve specific business problems

Top-Down Data Warehouse

start by creating an enterprise-wide data warehouse and then, as specific business needs are identified, create smaller data marts form the data warehouse.

Data Mining

the process of analyzing data to find previously unknown and interesting trend, patterns, and associations in order to make decisions. The Core of the Knowledge Discovery Process

Machine Learning

a data mining method that is used to analyze data and build models without explicitly being programmed to do so. Two branches: Supervised and Unsupervised.

Supervised Machine Learning

when an organization has data about past activity that has occurred and wants to replicate it

Unsupervised Machine Learning

when an organization has data and wants to understand the relationships between different data points.

You can combine data from two tables using ________

Queries

_______ are added to help with data consistency

Validation rules