RIZAL.1

An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of jose          rizal, particularly his novels noli me tangere and el filibusterismo.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

RA 1425-

June 12, 1956

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and writings of jose rizal, particularly his novels noli me tangere and el filibusterismo.

1. National character

2. Patriotism

3. Develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship

Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be xts

SECTION 1.

It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography.

SECTION 2.

The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.

SECTION 3.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.

SECTION 4.

The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.

SECTION 5.

This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

SECTION 6.

SECTION 6.

This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette,

Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

is basically an economic revolution which started with the invention of steam engine and resulted to the use of machinery in the manufacturing sector in the cities of Europe.

The industrial revolution

an economic system which relied on land and agriculture

feudalism

which relied on machinery and wage labor.

capitalism

It has changed the economy of Europe from ________—an economic system which relied on land and agriculture--to capitalism which relied on machinery and wage labor.

feudalism

The__________ who became rich through trade became the early capitalists of this emerging economy

merchants of Europe

Farmers from rural areas migrated to the cities and became industrial workers while their wives remained as housekeepers at home in what_________characterized as the first instance of the domestication of women.

Karl Marx’s

The _________ that started in Europe had repercussions to the Philippine economy.

Industrial Revolution

A radical transformation of the economy took place between ________something that might almost be called an agricultural revolution, with a concomitant development of agricultural industries and domestic as well as foreign trade (De la Costa 1965: 159).

the middle of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth;

The economic opportunities created by the Industrial Revolution had encouraged Spain in _____ to open the Philippine economy to world commerce. As a result, new cities and ports were built.

1834

The economic opportunities created by the Industrial Revolution had encouraged Spain in 1834 to open the Philippine economy to ________. As a result, new cities and ports were built.

world commerce

improved agricultural machinery for sugar milling and rice hulling and introduced new methods of farming

British and Americans

The presence of these foreign traders stimulated agricultural production, particularly ____,______,___, and—once the government monopoly was removed in 1882—tobacco.

sugar, rice, hemp

The presence of these foreign traders stimulated agricultural production, particularly sugar, rice, hemp, and—once the government monopoly was removed in 1882—.

tobacco

Indeed, the abolition of restrictions on foreign trade has produced a balanced and dynamic economy of the Philippines during the

19th century

The fast tempo of economic progress in the Philippines during the ____facilitated by Industrial Revolution resulted to the rise to a new breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class

19th century

The relative prosperity of the period has enabled them to send their sons to ________ for higher studies

Spain and Europe

Lastly, safer, faster and more comfortable means of transportation such as

railways and steamships

• The Philippine society was predominantly

feudalistic

• This was the result of the Spanish land holding improved upon the country with the arrival of the

conquistadores

natives) were exploited by the elite class.

indios

They were drafted for manual labour.

indios

exacted all forms of taxes and tributes

Spaniards

friars, Spanish officials

• Peninsulares

favored natives, mestizos, creollos

Insulares

The Philippines was governed by Spain through the

Ministro de Ultramar based in Madrid.

Central Government

• Governador- General - King of Spain’s representative in governmental affairs.

• Vice – Royal patron over religious affairs.

• Chief executive- issued orders and proclamations

• Ex-officio – president of the Royal Audiencia Commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces

• City Government- CABILDO or AYUNTAMIENTO (head) ,Two alcaldes en- ordinario

General - King of Spain’s representative in governmental affairs

• Governador

Royal patron over religious affairs.

• Vice

issued orders and proclamations

• Chief executive-

president of the Royal Audiencia Commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces

• Ex-officio

CABILDO or AYUNTAMIENTO (head) ,Two alcaldes en- ordinario

• City Government- CABILDO

PUEBLO or TOWN

Local Government Unit –

or Town Mayor (head

Gobernador Cillo

-chief judge

Chief executive

– BARANGAY or BARRIO

Smallest Government Unit

Smallest Government Unit -head

Cabeza se barangay

• to collect taxes and tributes from the constituents

Cabeza se barangay (head)

• received 2% of the tax collection aside from the 4 % of the Sanctorum (3 events collected each year intended for All Saint’s Day, Holy Thursday and Corpus Christi.)

Cabeza se barangay (head)

Cabeza se barangay (head) • received 2% of the tax collection aside from the 4 % of the Sanctorum (3 events collected each year intended for

All Saint’s Day, Holy Thursday and Corpus Christi.)

-Organized in 1867

Guardia Civil

-Corps of native police led by Spanish officers.

Guardia Civil

- In 1880’s feared instrument of summary arrest of any persons denounced by friars as filibusteros.

Guardia Civil

Guardia Civil In 1880’s feared instrument of summary arrest of any persons denounced by friars as

filibusteros

-Highest court of the colony

Royal Audiencia

-Headed the judicial system

Royal Audiencia

-Auditor of the government finances

Royal Audiencia

-High council to which government affairs were referred.

Royal Audiencia

Means “rule of the friars”

Frailocracia/ Frailocracy

Frailocracia/ Frailocracy

Means “rule of the friars”

Reasons:

1.Political instability in mother country.

2.Friars were found in each town, thus, they became rulers of that political unit.

Frailocracia/ Frailocracy

Means “rule of the friars”

Reasons:

1.Political instability in mother country.

2.Friars were found in each town, thus, they became rulers of that political unit

✓ Supervisor of local election

✓ Administrators of schools

✓ Chairman of the board of taxation, of health and of charity.

✓ Responsible for census taking through the parish registrar.

✓ Certifies personal Identification Card (ID)

Sources of Weaknesses and Abuses of the Government

- Appointment of officials with inferior qualifications

- Without dedication to duty

- Without moral strength to resist corruption for material advancement.

- The lower positions were either filled by

- Provincial Government – most corrupt government unit

most corrupt government unit

- Provincial Government

license to engage in trade

Indulto de Comercio

- Friars occupied a

dominant position.

were constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence.

Indios

decided what to teach to the children.

Friars

the only official Secondary School

for BOYS.

College of San Juan de Letran

____ Provinces had private colleges and Latin schools for general

studies.

Seven

- Secondary Education for Girls in Manila:

✓Santa Isabel

✓La Concordia

✓Santa Rosa

✓Asilo de Lookan

✓Santa Catalina

The only University level in Manila

UST

- Theological seminaries were established:

• Manila

• Cebu

• Jaro(Iloilo)

• Nueva Caceres (Naga)

• Nueva Segovia (Vigan)

Each major town in the colony was to established at least one elementary school for boys and another one for girls.

- Educational Decree 1863

- Books and other materials has to pass rigid censorship by the

Church and Civil Authorities.

- Most serious criticisms against the Spanish educational system.

• Overemphasis on religion

• Limited and irrelevant curriculum

• Obsolete classroom facilities

• Inadequate teaching materials

• Absence of academic freedom.

(secularization of higher education in the Philippines) was opposed by the friars.

Moret Decree of 1870 (

– Spain officially opened Manila to World Commerce

1834

 More ports were opened

( Sual, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Legaspi)

 Brought prosperity to some Filipinos Modern methods of agriculture and improved means of transportation and communication

Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

1834

 Emergence of Filipino middle class

Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

1834

opening of Suez Canal (Europe) –

1869

– shortened the distant of travel from another place.

1869 – opening of Suez Canal (Europe)

 More liberals from Spain and other European nations came to the country via

Suez Canal.

Þ   Foreigners brought books, newspapers and magazines.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

1869 –

 Filipinos were able to read enlightened ideas.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

1869 –

 Natives learned also about the American and French revolution which provided inspiration to them.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

1869 –

decided that parishes were to be administered by Secular (local) priest.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

 Gradually, the secularization movement became racial and national conflict among friars curates and the seculars

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

 Well-loved Spanish Governor-general

The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871)

 Avoided extravagance and lived a simple life Abolished flogging

The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871)

 Allowed Filipinos to form Comite de Reformadores

The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871)

 Implemented the Moret Decree of 1870

The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-1871)

) replaced dela Torre

Rafael Izquierdo (1871-1873)

 “with the crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other.”

The Cavite Mutiny

 Repealed the exemption from rendering the POLO and the payment of tribute.

The Cavite Mutiny

 January 20, 1872

The Cavite Mutiny

 About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in the Cavite Arsenal revolted.

The Cavite Mutiny

 Led by Seregeant Fernando La Madrid. Through the punitive force ordered by ______ La Madrid was killed.

Izquierdo

magnified the mutiny as a full of blown conspiracy against the Spanish rule allegedly instigated by fathers:

• Mariano Gomez

• Jose Burgos

• Jacinto Zamora

Rafael Izquierdo (1871-1873) replaced

Izquierdo magnified the mutiny as a full of blown conspiracy against the Spanish rule allegedly instigated by fathers:

• Mariano Gomez

• Jose Burgos

• Jacinto Zamora

Found guilty in a “mock-trial”

GOMBURZA