cooked to cooking

Perception

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced through the five senses: smell, sight, hearing, touch, and taste.

Frontal lobes

working and prospective memory eg. voluntary movement, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions (decision making, problem solving, working memory, attention and focus).

Frontal cortex

spacial, navigation, and declarative learning and memory eg. performance of motor tasks, judgement, abstract thinking, creativity, and maintaining social appropriateness.

Amygdala

emotional learning. A major processing center for emotions. It also links your emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories, learning, and your senses.

Temporal lobes

autobiographical memory. eg. managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.

Basal ganglia

implicit memory. eg. motor control, motor learning, reward and addiction, habits, fine tuning of movements, and integration of information.

Mammillary body

recognition memory. eg. recollective memory, spatial navigation, connections and function.

Hippocampus

spacial, navigation, and declarative learning and memory. eg. memory formation and consolidation, spatial navigation, learning, flexible cognition.

Cerebellum

procedural memory. eg. coordinating movement and balance, posture, muscle tone, and motor learning.

Encoding

A memory is first perceived by your senses and is only generated when you are paying attention. The hippocampus receives information and sends it to the frontal cortex so that it can determine if that piece of information is worth remembering.

Storage

The information is either stored as the short or long term memory. The more you practice or attempt to remember something, the stronger the connection you will make with it.

Retrieval

Information recall is usually done unconsciously. Retention and retrieval failure is usually caused by distraction, which can lead to memory loss.

Behaviourism

focused on observable behaviours not internal mental processes.

Associative learning

the process of acquiring new behaviours or information through experience.

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist responsible for classical conditioning approach to behaviour modification. Associate an involuntary response and a stimulus.

Involuntary response

a behaviour that just happens (biological or emotional normally).

Stimulus

a trigger for that behaviour to happen (if conditioned). Used to create a behaviour when the individual has neutral associations.

Conditioning

Only works if the individual feels neutrally about the stimulus (they can't be afraid of it).

Pairing behaviour response with a stimulus

A method where a behaviour response is associated with a stimulus so that the behaviour occurs in response to the stimulus in the future, e.g., a dog drools at the sound of a bell.

Operant Conditioning

A behaviour modification approach developed by B.F. Skinner that associates a voluntary behaviour with a consequence.

Voluntary response

A behaviour that is a choice made by the individual.

Consequence

A method to reinforce a behaviour, which can be either positive or negative.

Positive reinforcement

Adding good stimuli to increase a behaviour, e.g., a teacher encouraging a student who is struggling with a math problem.

Negative reinforcement

Removing bad stimuli to increase a behaviour, e.g., a teacher not intervening while a student works on a math problem, leading the student to suspect they will face trouble if they give up.

Positive punishment

Adding bad stimuli to decrease a behaviour, e.g., a teacher yelling at a student who says they are giving up.

Negative punishment

Removing good stimuli to decrease a behaviour, e.g., a teacher not allowing a student to leave until they finish a math problem.

ABC of Operant Conditioning

A framework consisting of Antecedent, Behaviour, and Consequence that explains how behaviours are learned and modified.

Antecedent

Conditions or factors that lead to a behaviour.

Behaviour (in ABC)

The response to the antecedent.

Consequence (in ABC)

The outcome of the behaviour, which can reinforce or discourage the behaviour.

Social psychology

The study of how the social environment impacts an individual's behaviour.

Sociology

The study of society and social groups, focusing on how groups behave as part of social systems.

Socialization influence

The effect of other people on a person's thoughts and actions.

Socialization

A lifelong process through which individuals learn the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to survive and prosper.

Resocialization

A deliberate attempt by society to replace aspects of an individual's socialization with new learnings, e.g., changing inmates' behaviours to be more law-abiding.

Components of socialization

Includes Primary, Secondary, and Anticipatory socialization.

Primary socialization

Learning how to function individually, including language, hygiene, gender roles, and dealing with emotions.

Secondary socialization

Learning how to function in groups and how society expects individuals to act within them.

Anticipatory socialization

The ability to think ahead and act accordingly in social situations.

Case of Oxana

A child raised by dogs from ages three to eight, who only barked and mimicked dog behaviour, considered feral.

Case of Genie

A child raised in isolation with severe neglect, only knowing two phrases and unable to walk, talk, eat, or use the bathroom independently, considered an isolate.