Intelligence

Flashcards about the definition, theories, and applications of intelligence.

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Name three contemporary theorists of Intelligence:

Charles Spearman, Howard Gardner, Robert Sternberg

What does 'g' stand for in Spearman's theory?

General Intelligence

What is the 'g factor'?

The ability to reason and solve problems; general intelligence

What is 's factor'?

The ability to excel in certain areas; specific intelligence

What are the two types of intelligence in Cattell's Theory of Intelligence?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns; decreases with age

What is crystallized intelligence?

The ability to use learned knowledge and experience; increases with age

What did Howard Gardner believe about IQ Scores?

IQ scores measured only a limited range of human mental abilities

What is Savant Syndrome?

Score low on intelligence tests yet excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence.

List the eight(nine) types of intelligences according to Howard Gardner:

Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist and Existential

According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three intelligences?

Analytical, Creative, Practical

What is Analytic Intelligence?

Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests

What is Creative Intelligence?

Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas.

What is Practical Intelligence?

Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks

What is Convergent Thinking?

Thinking that involves following a series of logical steps with the goal of arriving at the “correct” answer.

What is Divergent Thinking?

Thinking used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions; spontaneous, unorganized thought.

Who Introduced emotional intelligence?

Peter Salovey and John Mayer (1990)

What does it mean to perceive emotion?

Recognize emotions in faces, music, and stories

What does it mean to understand emotion?

Predict emotions, how they change and blend

What does it mean to manage emotion?

Express emotions in different situations

What does it mean to use emotion?

Utilize emotions to adapt or be creative

How do psychologists define intelligence testing?

A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.

Who is credited with modern intelligence testing?

Alfred Binet

Why was the Binet-Simon test created?

Identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum

List three features of the Binet-Simon Test:

The test had 4 important distinctions: Scores were interpreted at their current performance, Used to identify students in need of help, not label them or categorize them, Emphasized that training and opportunity could affect intelligence, Was empirically constructed

Who adapted Binet’s test for American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet Test IQ Test?

Lewis Terman

What is Eugenics?

A social movement aimed at improving the human species through selective breeding.

What tests did David Weschler Develop?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

What three things must a psychological test be in order to be acceptable?

Standardized, Reliable, Valid

What is Standardization?

Establishment of consistent and standard methods of test administration.

What are 'Norms' in psychological testing?

Scores from a standardized group of people distributed mostly around the mean on the normal curve

What is Reliability in psychological testing?

The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people

What is Split-half Reliability?

Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

What is Validity?

Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict.

What is Content Validity?

Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.

What is Predictive Validity?

Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

How does a valid intelligence test divide people?

A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 130)

What is Intellectual Disability?

Condition in which a person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age.

What is the conceptual domain in context of the DSM-5 diagnosis of intellectual disability?

memory, reasoning, language, reading, writing, math, and other academic skills.

What is the social domain in context of the DSM-5 diagnosis of intellectual disability?

empathy, social judgment, interpersonal communication, and other skills that impact the ability to make and maintain friendships.

What is the practical domain in context of the DSM-5 diagnosis of intellectual disability?

self-management skills that affect personal care, job responsibilities, school, money management, and other areas

List three biological causes of intellectual disability:

Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome, Fragile X syndrome

What is the Flynn Effect?

In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points.

What does the nature of twin studies and adoption studies show?

Fraternal twins raised together tend to show similarity in intelligence scores and identical twins raised apart show slightly less similarity in their intelligence scores.

What are the effects of early intervention on children's intelligence?

Early neglect from caregivers leads children to develop a lack of personal control over the environment and it impoverishes their intelligence.

What is stereotype threat?

A condition in which being made aware of a negative performance stereotype interferes with the performance of someone that considers himself or herself part of that group

In what sense are aptitude tests biased?

Sensitive to performance differences caused by cultural differences

In what sense are aptitude tests NOT biased?

Accurately predict performance of one group over the other

What is the goal in designing artificial intelligence systems?

To do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes through intuitive reasoning, learning and understanding language