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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Emotion and Motivation lecture.
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Affect
The experience of feeling or emotion.
Arousal
Our experience of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Emotion
A mental state that is situation-specific, valenced, and conscious.
Motivation
A driving force that initiates goal-directed behavior.
Display rules
Determine when, where, with whom, and how emotions should be expressed or suppressed.
Hypothalamus
Plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Thalamus
Serves as a sensory relay center.
Amygdala
Plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures.
Hippocampus
Integrates emotional experience with cognition.
Cannon-Bard theory
Proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time.
James-Lange theory
Proposes that emotion is the result of arousal; arousal causes emotion.
Two-factor theory
Proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion; interpretation of arousal determines what emotion we're able to experience.
Misattribution of arousal
The tendency to incorrectly label the source of the physiological arousal one is experiencing.
Excitation transfer
People already experiencing arousal from one event tend also to experience unrelated emotions more strongly.
Emotion regulation
The ability of an individual to modulate an emotion or a set of emotions.
Stress
The physiological response to internal or external stressors (Not all stressors are negative events).
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Repeatedly thinking about a traumatic experience, being hypervigilant, avoiding reminders; symptoms last no longer than four weeks.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Similar symptoms to ASD lasting four weeks or more.
HPA axis
System of connections between the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the adrenal glands that plays an important role in our experience of stress.
Cortisol
A stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood, helping the body to respond to threat.
Fight or Flight Response
An emotional and behavioral reaction that increases the readiness for action.
Tend-and-befriend Response
A behavioral reaction that creates social networks to provide protection from threats.
Subjective well-being
Our assessment of our own happiness and life satisfaction.
Optimism
A general tendency to expect positive outcomes.
Self-efficacy
The belief in our ability to carry out particular actions in order to achieve a particular set of desired results.
Basal metabolic rate
The amount of energy expended while at rest.
Intrinsic motivation
Doing the activity for the pleasure of the activity itself.
Extrinsic motivation
Doing the activity in order to receive an external reward.
Expectancy theory
Performance increases if we believe our hard work will make a difference and that our hard work will be rewarded with something we value.
Growth mindset
The belief that one is able to learn.
Fixed mindset
The belief that knowledge, skills, and abilities cannot be improved.
Sexual response cycle
The biological sexual response in humans. (Arousal, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution)
General adaptation syndrome
The three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress.
PERMA Model
A model that suggests there are five measurable facets to psychological well-being: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.
Positive Emotion (P)
Experiencing joy, gratitude, serenity, hope, interest, amusement, awe, and love.
Engagement (E)
Being fully absorbed in an activity, feeling a sense of flow and losing track of time.
Relationships (R)
Having meaningful and authentic connections with others.
Meaning (M)
Serving something bigger than oneself, finding purpose and value in life.
Accomplishment (A)
Achieving goals, mastering skills, and feeling a sense of accomplishment and competence.
Determinants of Eating Patterns
Eating patterns are determined by a complex interplay of biological factors (e.g., hunger, satiety), psychological factors (e.g., mood, stress), social factors (e.g., cultural norms, family habits), and environmental factors (e.g., food availability, marketing).
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow, outlining five tiers of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: Physiological, Safety, Love and belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization.
Physiological Needs
These are the basic physical requirements for human survival, including:
Safety Needs
Once physiological needs are met, safety needs take precedence. These include:
Love and Belonging Needs
After physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of:
Esteem Needs
Esteem needs are the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy and include:
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
Arousal Phase
The initial phase characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension.
Plateau Phase
A period of heightened arousal where physical changes reach their maximum.
Orgasm Phase
The peak of sexual excitement, characterized by rhythmic muscle contractions and intense pleasure.
Resolution Phase
The body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state, and relaxation occurs.