nationalism

liberal nationalists on human nature

humans are rational, freedom of the individual is synonymous with freedom of the nation as a whole, rousseau: people are rational beings who desire their own freedom, mazzini: people have a romantic vision of their origins, they seek liberty but it is contained in the liberty of the people to which they belong

liberal nationalists on the state

reject hereditary monarchy, self-determination, concerned with ensuring all nations can rule themselves in their own free state, express the will of the people, nationalism should serve the state, the liberal state is more important than the nation, rousseau: the basis of any legitimate state has to be the nation, the nation is the vehicle for self-determination, mazzini: the state is a romantic ideal, the ultimate expression of the unity of the people

liberal nationalists on society

liberal internationalism - equality of nations, respect the sovereignty of nations, mazzini: nationhood, rousseau: political society must be based on national self-determination

liberal nationalists on the economy

respect the economic sovereignty of other legitimate states, mazzini: economic freedom is a natural result of general freedom enjoyed by nations and their peoples

liberal nationalists are progressive

the nation is the vehicle for self-determination, forward-looking, seek to advance society and improve, promote and protect the rights of the people, mazzini: society must allow personal freedom to flourish, individuals can be free only if a whole society is also free

liberal nationalists are inclusive

inclusive, civic understanding of nationhood, anyone who shared the values of a nation should be able to become part of it relatively quickly

liberal nationalists are rational

based on rational principles like self-determination, development of free will

liberal nationalists advocate civic belonging

rousseau: civic nationalism - a sense of shared national pride in the values of a nation, multicultural - supports the practice of different cultures in society, supported by a strong belief in diversity, pluralism and tolerance, only requirement is that cultures are supportive of the wider values of the nation

liberal nationalists advocate peace

all nations should have equal status in world order, respect rights and liberties of citizens, interdependency - seeks independence alongside interdependence, believing both are necessary for a peaceful world order

liberal nationalists advocate democracy

rousseau: general will - government needs the consent from the nation to rule, mazzini: nation-state is a convenient form of democratic government

conservative nationalists on human nature

patriotism is a key social characteristic, von herder: culturalism - each individual is part of a volk with a unique character and identity (volksgeist), people see their own identity in terms of the collective identity of a cultural group with common language and history

conservative nationalists on the state

stresses the organic nature of the nation rather than individualism, state exists to serve the interest of an organic nation, von herder: states can only be rightfully based on the collective identity of a people with common cultural and linguistic heritage

conservative nationalists on society

arose in response to societal divisions, von herder: society is a cultural concept, it is based on a shared sense of culture and national heritage

conservative nationalists are regressive

backward looking, sees nationalism as a way to bind society together as one-nation, maintain traditions of the past, herder: revival of german nationalism

conservative nationalists are exclusive

based on shared history and culture, it takes time to become part of a nation, collective identity of a people with common cultural and linguistic heritage

conservative nationalists are irrational

romantic - against the enlightenment, based on one’s emotional connection with their nation, human identity is understood as part of the community that is the nation, emotional idealism

conservative nationalists advocate a cultural belonging

based on common traditions and cultures, monocultural - in order to maintain cohesiveness, new cultures or traditions should not be introduced to society, anxiety towards immigration

conservative nationalists advocate peace

excessively defensive and seek to preserve

conservative nationalists advocate violence

can be expansionist and seek to spread national values to other peoples

conservative nationalists advocate democracy

have a greater belief in natural hierarchies and ruling elites, superstitious of supranational bodies

expansionist nationalists on human nature

maurras: ethnic identity is a key aspect of our consciousness

expansionist nationalists on the state

the nation and its historic destiny transcend individualsm and democracy, maurras: various states do not have equal states, some peoples and states are superior to others

expansionist nationalists on society

maurras: integral nationalism - people should submerge themselves into their nation

expansionist nationalists on the economy

maurras: the superior culture of one nation naturally leads to the economic dominance of that nation over weaker nations

expansionist nationalists are regressive

stress ideas of historic destiny and mythical heroism, reactionary as seeks to return aspects of society to a less advanced state, often restricting or removing the rights of people

expansionist nationalists are exclusive

believe the nation is unique and special, and membership is restricted to inheritance, racial - suggests only people of the same race can belong, sense of racial or national superiority over other races and nations, negative integration - there has to be a ‘them’ to hate in order for there to be an ‘us’

expansionist nationalists are irrational

believe myths of national greatness to inspire the nation

expansionist nationalists advocate cultural belonging

maurras: society is based on a shared sense of ethnicity, some societies are superior forms of civilisation to others

expansionist nationalists advocate violence

believe some nations are superior and therefore have the right to subjugate other nations, pan-nationalism - do not respect the sovereignty of other nation states, imperialism, chauvinism, maurras: militarism

expansionist nationalists advocate dictatorship

do not respect the sovereignty of other nations

anti/post colonial nationalists on human nature

garvey: all people are either part of a white or black race, though the white has dominated the black, the black can claim a superior history and culture

anti/post colonial nationalists on the state

less concerned with creating democratic states are more focused on nation building, garvey: states are largely artificial constructs, the products of white supremacy, the only meaningful state should be the united black peoples of the world

anti/post colonial nationalists on society

national community is stressed, garvey: black pride, pan-africanism, black society will be superior to white society once the colonial oppression of black people is defeated

anti/post colonial nationalists on the economy

post colonial states are often socialist to combat economic imperialism from international capitalism, self-determination, garvey: opposed international capitalism which leads to imperialism, and opposed communism which lead to dictatorship, black peoples should set up their own form of capitalism for their own benefit

anti/post colonial nationalists are progressive

seek to advance society and make it better for all in the future, promoting and protecting the rights of the people

anti/post colonial nationalists are exclusive

garvey: along with black nationalists like Malcolm X, believe in racial separatism to empower black people

anti/post colonial nationalists are inclusive

civic understanding of nationhood, anyone who shares the values of the nation should be able to be a part of it

anti/post colonial nationalists are rational

based on rational principles like self-determination or civic nationalism

anti/post colonial nationalists advocate civic belonging

anyone who shares the values of the nation should be able to become a part of it

anti/post colonial nationalists advocate democracy

often subject to dictatorship in the interests of nation-building and self-preservation, but opposed to this

nations

people who identify themselves as a cohesive group based on shared values in society, there are very different ways of defining a nation

self-determination

belief that nations should decide how they are governed, the nation is a genuine political community that is capable of self-government

nation-state

a nation that rules itself in its own state and controls its own economy

culturalism

nationalism is based on shared cultural societal values

racialism

humankind can be meaningfully divided into separate ‘races’, which each possess different natures, some nationalists believe nationhood is determined purely by biological factors

internationalism

the world should unite across boundaries to advance their common interests in society

liberal nationalism

seeks a world of autonomous nation states, rousseau and mazzini

conservative nationalism

exists to forge a sense of cohesion and unity within society, von herder

expansionist nationalism

rejects the rights of all nations to self-determination, usually linked to chauvinism, maurras

anti/post colonial nationalism

rejects colonial rule and seeks to have governance returned to the indigenous population, garvey

jean-jacques rousseau

1712-1778, general will, civic nationalism

general will (rousseau)

that government should be based on the indivisible collective will of the ‘community’ and that nations have the right to govern themselves

civic nationalism (rousseau)

where the state is legitimate because it is based on the active participation of its citizens

johann gottfried von herder

1744-1803, cultural nationalism, volk

cultural nationalism (von herder)

suggested that every nation was different and that every nation has its own unique character

volk (von herder)

identified the volk (people) as the root of national culture and special nature (volksgeist), which each nation should try to express

giuseppe mazzini

1805-1872, nationhood, action

nationhood (mazzini)

believed that humans could express themselves only via their nation and that human freedom rested on the creation of one’s own nation-state

action (mazzini)

rejected intellectualism and rationalism, and created an idea known as ‘thought and action’

charles maurras

1868-1952, integral nationalism, militarism

integral nationalism (maurras)

an intensely emotional form of nationalism where individuals were encouraged to submerge themselves into their nation

militarism (maurras)

integral nationalism encourages nations to have a strong military ethos

marcus garvey

1887-1947, black pride, pan-africanism

black pride (garvey)

encouraged african people to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind

pan-africanism (garvey)

that african people, in every part of the world, were one people and that they would never progress if they did not put aside their cultural and ethnic differences

pan nationalism

does not respect the sovereignty of other nations

negative integration

there has to be a ‘them’ to hate in order for there to be an ‘us’