anaphy lab 8

VENTILATION

The movement of the thorax and certain muscles that cause air to go into and out of the lungs

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

Enters the blood in the lungs and CO₂ exits the blood in the lungs

GAS TRANSPORT

CO₂ and O₂ are circulated in the blood to and from tissues

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

The gas exchange within the tissues; O₂ exits the blood into tissues and CO₂ exits tissues into the blood

PHARYNX (THROAT)

Common passageway for air and food

NOSE (NASUS)

Includes the external nose and nasal cavity

External nose

Visible part forming the bridge of the face

Nasal Cavity

Open space where air first enters

Nares (nostrils)

External openings of the nasal cavity

Nasal septum

Divides nasal cavity into right and left parts

Choanae

Openings at the back of the nasal cavity leading to the pharynx

Nasopharynx

Behind the nasal cavity

Hard palate

Separates nasal and oral cavities; roof of the mouth

Soft palate

Separates nasopharynx from the oropharynx; blocks food from entering nasal cavity

Uvula

Posterior extension of the soft palate

Oropharynx

Middle section behind the mouth; passage for air, food, and drink; contains palatine and lingual tonsils

Fauces

Connects the mouth and the oropharynx

LARYNX (VOICEBOX)

Connects pharynx to trachea; keeps airway open; produces sound; prevents food entry

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

Largest cartilage of the larynx

Epiglottis

Leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx

Tracheobronchial tree

Includes the trachea and all airways into the lungs

Carina

The ridge where the trachea splits into bronchi

Right bronchus

Larger and straighter

Left bronchus

Smaller and angled

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

3 in the right lung; 2 in the left lung

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Branches into bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles

Laryngopharynx

Lower part leading to the larynx and esophagus; passage for food and air

Trachea (windpipe)

Tube allowing air to flow into the lungs; lined with mucous membranes with goblet cells to trap dust and bacteria

Oral cavity (mouth)

Begins digestion by chewing food and mixing with saliva

Pharynx

Passageway of food from mouth to esophagus; helps in swallowing

Esophagus

Muscular tube carrying food from pharynx to stomach; moves food by peristalsis

Small Intestine

Main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and electrolytes; forms and stores feces

Rectum

Temporary storage for feces before elimination

Anus

Opening at the end of the digestive tract for feces elimination

Stomach

Muscular organ that mixes food with gastric juices to form chyme; begins protein digestion

Salivary glands

Produce saliva containing enzymes that break down starches

Liver

Produces bile, which helps digest and absorb fats

Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile into the small intestine when needed

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid; endocrine function releases hormones