HSCI FINAL

What was average amount spent on drug developemtn in the 1980s?

0.413 Billion Dollars

What is the average amount spent developing a drug today?

2.6 Billion Dollars

Three PBMs control what percentage of the US market?

75%

Questions asked during clinical trials?

• Does it have side effects?

• Does the treatment work?

• Does it work better than other treatments?

In 2022, the NIH reported that mental illness affects what percentage of US adults?

23.1% this is approx. 59,300,000 adults

Who can prescribe medications for mental illness?

Psychiatrist

Which facility serves low-income patients with mental illness?

Community health center, ER

Many patients will suffer from the so-called "dual diagnosis" of…

mental illness and substance abuse

What does AMI mean?

Any Mental Illness

What does SMI mean?

Serious mental illness

How many community health centers exist in the US?

2600

Who established early asylums?

Quakers

What percentage of Americans, aged 60 or older, experience elder abuse yearly?

10%

What is respite care?

Short-term Care

What does hospice care provide?

Palliative Care

Which of the following is the most expensive form of long-term care?

Continuing Care Retirement Center

What is the role of nurse aids?

Direct Care

Does medicare cover long-term care?

NO

TRUE OR FALSE public health ensure community health conditions?

TRUE

According to WHO, health is "a dynamic state of complete _________________ well-being."

…physical, mental, spiritual, and social …

Public Health's Core Functions?

• Assessment

• Policy Development

• Assurance

What is public health's main role?

Disease prevention

What is the role of local health departments?

Disease Surveillance

TRUE OR FALSE World Health Organization helped lead a campaign to eradicate smallpox in 1980.

TRUE

Where is the WHO's headquarters location?

Geneva

When was the World Health Organization founded?

1948

What is medical tourism?

Patients traveling for treatment

Which country is the largest single funder of the WHO?

The United States

What does ICD stand for?

International Classification of Diseases

How many death in Galveston Hurricane?

7000

Where did the 1918 flu pandemic originate?

A unknown located, but possibly the U.S

What do researchers suspect might have caused the 1918 pandemic?

Avian Flu

TRUE OR FALSE

Healthcare is a constitutional right in the US

FALSE

What is predictive analytics in healthcare?

Predicts health Outcomes

What is the AI term for fabricated information?

Hallucination

What is a black box in AI?

Unknown decision process, you dont know how the AI got to its conclusion.

What year did AHA originally publish the patient’s Bill of Rights?

1972

IOM’s 6 Aims of Quality healthcare

• Safe

• Effective

• Patient-Centered

• Timely

• Equitable

• Efficient

TRUE OR FALSE
Patients have the right to refuse healthcare?

TRUE

What does IOM stand for?

Institute of Medicine

What is a common factor leading to health disparities?

Geographic inequality

How many death are caused by medical errors each year?

250,000

What would qualify as a sentinel event?

a patient safety event that results in death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm to a patient, and is not related to the natural course of their illness.

EXAMPLES INCLUDE

• The wrong arm being cut off in surgery

• Falling in the hospital

Components of Triple Aim?

• Improved Health

• Improve experience of Care

• Lower cost

IHI’s model for improvemnet?

• What are we trying yo accomplish?

• What change can we make that will result in improvement?

• How will we know that change is an improvement?

Informed decision making means patients have right to clear information about…

• Their medical records

• Diagnosis

• Prognosis

Healthcare Challenges during COVID

• Staffing Shortages

• PPE Shortages

• Health Equity

• System Capacity and level of preparedness

How the Healthcare System Adapts During Major Crises?

• Capacity (expand bed capacity, reassign staff, etc.)

• Continuity (convert to Telehealth, home health, outpatient clinics)

• Coordination (Partner with other hospitals)

What does public health handle?

• Prevention

• Surveillance

• Coordination

How does global interdependence influence the role and core functions of public health in the US healthcare system?

Global interdependence means health threats and resources move across borders, so U.S. public health must monitor global risks and coordinate internationally. It expands public health’s role from local protection to ensuring national safety in a connected world.

What was the focus of “To err is human”

Reducing medical errors