Key terms- Memory

Short term memory

A smaller memory store with limited capacity and duration

Long-term memory

A permanent memory store with unlimited capacity and lifetime duration

Duration

The length of time information can be held

Capacity

The amount of information that can be held

Coding

The format in which information is stored

Sensory registry

Memory store for information from different senses before coding

Multi-Store model

Structural model showing memory with long term store, short term store, and sensory register

Episodic memory

Long term memory for events

Semantic memory

Long term memory for knowledge

Procedural memory

Long term memory for skills

Working memory model

Representation of short term memory

Central executive

Part of working memory model that coordinates tasks

Phonological loop

Component processing sound information

Articulatory process

Part of phonological loop rehearsing verbal information

Phonological store

Stores words heard

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Processes visual and spatial information

Visual cache

Stores visual information like color and shape

Inner scribe

Records spatial and movement relations

Episodic Buffer

Component integrating material from other areas into memory

Proactive interference

Old memories interfere with new ones

Retroactive interference

New memories interfere with old ones

Interference

Forgetting due to one memory blocking another

Encoding specificity principle

Recall needs same cues present during encoding

Context dependent retrieval

Cue for encoding specificity principle is external context

State dependent retrieval

Cue for encoding specificity principle is internal state

Eyewitness testimony

Ability to remember observed event details

Leading questions

Questions prompting specific answers

Post Event discussion

Witnesses discussing an event after seeing it

Misleading information

Incorrect information given to eyewitnesses

Weapon focus effect

Tunnel vision focusing on a weapon during a crime

Anxiety

State of emotional and physical arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

High anxiety leads to less memory, moderate anxiety enhances memory

Cognitive interview

Method to help eyewitnesses retrieve accurate memories

Report everything

Technique to recall every detail in a cognitive interview

Reinstate context

Technique to recreate environment and personal thoughts in a cognitive interview

Reverse order

Technique to recall events non-chronologically in a cognitive interview

Changing perspective

Technique to recall events from an alternative perspective in a cognitive interview

Enhanced cognitive interview

Cognitive interview with social aspects to build rapport and reduce anxiety

Duration of the short term memory

3-18 seconds

Duration of the long term memory

lifetime

Duration of the sensory registry

½ second

Coding of the short term memory

Acoustic (coding)

Coding of the long term memory store

Semantic (coding)

Coding of the sensory registry

doesn’t code

Capacity of the short term store

7 ± 2 digits

Capacity of the long term store

Unlimited

Capacity of the sensory registry

Unlimited

Features of episodic memory (3)

time and location stamped, conscious recall, declarative

location of the episodic memory in the brain

hippocampus

features of the semantic memory (3)

not time and location stamped, conscious recall, declarative

location of the semantic memory in the brain

temporal lobe

features of the procedural memory (3)

not time and location stamped, unconscious recall (once learnt), non-declarative

location of the procedural memory in the brain

cerebellum

Central executive capacity

limited

Central executive coding

modality free (coding)

Phonological loop duration

2 seconds

Phonological loop coding

Acoustic (coding)

Visuo-spatial sketchpad capacity

3-4 objects

Visuo-spatial sketchpad coding

Visual (coding)

Episodic buffer capacity

about 4 chunks

Episodic buffer coding

modality free (coding)

Who added the episodic buffer

Baddeley

When was the episodic buffer added

2010

How report everything in the cognitive interview is different from the standard interview

Standard interview only wants details of the event but the cognitive interview wants every detail

How reinstate context in the cognitive interview is different from the standard interview

Standard interview is focused on events but cognitive interview has a focus on recalling cues

How reverse order in the cognitive interview is different from the standard interview

Standard interview only wants information in a chronological order but in the cognitive interview its wanted in a non-chronological order as well

How changing perspective in the cognitive interview is different from the standard interview

Standard interview only wants to get the information from the perspective it was seen but cognitive interview also wants it from an alternative perspective