Audiology Midterm

What does Audiology mean?

The study of hearing

Who is the father of audiology?

Raymond Carhart

Who is Norton Canfield?

An otologist who worked with Carhart to coin the term Audiology

What is an otologist?

An ear specialist

When and where was the audiometer invented?

1920 at bell laboratories

Why did the profession of audiology gain momentum?

around the time of WWII to address the hearing and communication difficulties experienced by veterans

What did Cordia Bunch do?

Bunch carried out systematic studies of the relations between types of hearing loss and audiometric patterns

What did Bunch teach?

Hearing testing and hearing disorders

What do people call Bunch?

The grandfather of audiology

What is the relations between Bunch and Carhart

mentor and mentoree

Who is the highest employer of audiologists?

From back then to today, it is the veterans association

What are behavioral auditory diagnostic tests?

Raise your hand when you hear a beep

What are physiologic auditory diagnostic tests?

brain stem testing

What are the two main divisions of the auditory system?

Peripheral and central

What is the main function of the outer ear?

Collect and direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane from the environment

What does the outer ear consist of?

Pinna and external auditory canal

What is another word for pinna?

Auricle

What is the Pinna?

It is made completely of cartilage and helps sound localization

What is the abbreviation for external auditory canal?

EAC

What shape is the EAC?

tube

What does the EAC secrete?

sebum from its sebaceous glands

What is ear wax called?

cerumen

What is the purpose of cerumen (ear wax)?

keep the environment out of the ear drum and has perfect temperature

What does the middle ear consist of?

tympanic membrane, ossicles, and Eustachian tube

What is the tympanic membrane also called and what is its shape?

Ear drum and disc shaped

What are the ossicles called?

Malleus, incus, and stapes

What is the middle ear filled with?

Air filled cavity

What is the abbreviation for the tympanic membrane?

TM

What is the first layer of the TM?

translucent and thin seen from EAC

What is the middle layer of the TM?

tough, fibrous, connective tissue

What is the third layer of the TM?

middle ear space which is lined with mucous membrane

What is the pars flaccida?

Moves more freely in the TM

What is the pars tensa?

Tense and towards the bottom of the TM

How is the TM held in place?

At the end of the EAC by the tympanic annulus

What is the Eustachian Tube?

a narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and upper throat

What happens if the Eustachian Tube is not working properly?

air will fill and the ear will feel blocked

What is the mastoid bone and where is it located?

a part of the temporal bone, located behind the ear

What are the windows of the middle ear called?

Oval and round window

What is the round window covered with?

a thin membrane

What does the malleus do?

transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the incus

What does the incus do?

transmit sound vibrations from the malleus (hammer) to the stapes (stirrup)

What does the stapes do?

pushes against the oval window, helps to ensure that sound waves are strong enough to be detected by the inner ear

Which is the correct order fo the ossicles from largest to smallest?

What does the inner ear consist of?

Vestibular and cochlear components

What are the vestibular components?

semicircular canals and otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

What is the vestibular mechanism?

organ of equilbibrium

What is the main need for the cochlea

Hearing

What is perilymph?

Low concentration of potassium ions and high sodium ions

What is endolymph?

high potassium ions, low sodium ions. also has calcium ions 

What are the membranous sacs called in the inner ear?

Utricle and saccule

What are the utricle and saccule surrounded by and contain?

perilymph and contain endolymph

What is the utriculosaccular mechanism responsible for?

interpreting linear acceleration like an elevator is going up or a car is picking up speed

What are the utricle and saccule stimulated by?

The rate of change of linear acceleration

What are the semi-circular canals responsible for?

Angular acceleration or rate of change for angular velocity

What do the semi-circular canal receptors do?

report the number of revolutions per minute that the body is turning

What are two symptons of vestibular dysfunction?

Vertigo and nystagmus

What is TMJ?

The jaw will start poking the osseocartilaginous junction causing immense ear pain. can cause popping, clicking, or grinding sounds in jaw

How many turns does the cochlea have and what is it filled with?

2 1/2 turn spiral filled with fluid that is chemically balanced

What would an unrolled cochlea look like?

name the places, scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani, perilymph, endolymph, round window, oval window, and scapes

How to test for air conduction?

Headphone beep test

How to test for bone conduction?

Device on mastoid bone

What does air conduction test for?

Middle ear problems

What does bone conduction test for?

Inner ear or cochlear problems

What are the three types of hearing losses?

Conductive, sensorineural, and mixed

What is conductive hearing loss entail?

AC is abnormal and BC is normal

Is there an air-bone gap in CHL? If so how much?

Yes, 10dB

What is a sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

Both AC and BC are abnormal and they will be near equal

What structures are affected in CHL?

Anything in the middle ear

What is the primary complaint from clients with a CHL?

Sound is not loud enough

What structures are affected in SNHL?

Inner ear or cochlea or beyond

What is the primary complaint from clients who have a SNHL?

trouble hearing and difficulty understanding

What structures are involved in MHL

Middle ear and inner ear

What is mixed hearing loss?

AC and BC abnormal and they are separated by 10dB or more

What degree of hearing loss is -10-15dB??

Normal WNL

What degree of hearing loss is 26-40dB?

Mild

What degree of hearing loss is 16-25dB?

Slight

What degree of hearing loss is 41-55dB?

Moderate

What degree of hearing loss is 56-70dB?

Moderately Severe

What degree of hearing loss is 71-90dB?

Severe

What degree of hearing loss is 91dB and beyond?

Profound

How do you calculate the pure tone average?

You take the dB at 500, 100, and 2000 and add them up, divide by three and you got the average

What is the tuning fork test?

bang the tuning fork against a surface or hand and put it on your mastoid bone. If you can hear it ring, you do not have a problem with your inner ear

What are the instructions for the person taking a pure tone audiometry exam?

tell the person what they will hear, tell them what to do when they hear it, tell them to stop doing it when the sound goes away, and tell them the purpose of the test

What frequency level do you start a pure tone test with?

1000Hz

What tone do you start a pure tone test with?

30dB

If there is no response at 30dB what dB do you raise it to?

50dB

After a response is obtained how much do you lower the dB during a pure tone test?

lower it 10dB and if they did not hear it go up 5dB

What are the rules for masking for air conduction

if the TE and NTE are 40dB or more apart

What is the rule for masking bone and air conduction?

if there is a air-bone gap of 10dB

What is the other rule for air-conduction masking?

If there is a significant air-bone gap in the NTE

What is Interaural attenuation?

Reduction of sound intensity as it goes from the test ear to the non test ear through the bones of the skull

What does this symbol mean?

right ear, unmasked AC

What does this symbol mean?

right ear, masked AC

What does this symbol mean?

left ear, unmasked AC

What does this symbol mean?

left ear, masked AC

What does this symbol mean?

right ear, unmasked BC

What does this symbol mean?

right ear masked BC

What does this symbol mean?

left ear, unmasked BC

What does this symbol mean?

left ear, masked BC