monomers, polymers, carbohydrates and lipids

what four things do all living things primarily consist of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. These biological molecules are organic, so they contain the element carbon

what is hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions that occur between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and another electronegative atom.

define monomers 

Smaller units that combine to make a large molecule (polymer). 

define polymers 

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together 

give 3 examples of monomers

monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

define condensation reaction

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.

what is the monomer and polymer of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

carbohydrates monomer- monosaccharides, polymer- polysaccharides

proteins monomer- amino acids, polymer- polypeptides 

nucleic acids monomer- nucleotides, polymer- polynucleotides 

define hydrolysis reaction

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

what are larger carbohydrates made of (polysaccharides)

their monomer is monosaccharides

name three common monosaccharides and give monosacharide function and number of subunits 

glucose, galactose and fructose

• main function is energy source

• one sub unit (monomer)

what type of bond is formed when two monosaccharides join in a condensation reaction 

glycosidic bond 

how are disaccharides formed? name the three reactions. give main function and number of sub units 

Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides- pair

• glucose + glucose = maltose

• glucose + fructose = sucrose

• glucose + galactose = lactose
  

• two sub units (dimer)

• form of transport 

draw the structures of the two isomers of glucose- a-glucose and b-glucose

define isomer 

molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

how are polysaccharides formed and give function and number of sub units

many monosaccharides join in a condensation reaction 

• many (polymer )

• energy storage form 

• large and insoluble- good as doesnt interfere with osmosis and water potential in the cell

what is a hexose sugar and give an example

contains 6 carbons eg glucose

name 3 polysaccharides

glucose, startch , cellulose

• startch and glycogen are large energy storage molecules which cannot leave cells

• cellulose gives strength in the cell wall for plant and agal cells

how is cellulose fomed

condensation of b-glucose molecules

how is startch anf glycogen formed

condensation reactions between a - glucose molecules

what are monosaccharides

sweet tasting, soluble substances that have the genera formula (CH*2O)n