Culture attitudes towards gender roles vocabulary

Androgyny

a gender identity that involves endorsement of both female and male characteristics (African Americans)

Machismo

unemotional, strong, authoritarian, aggressive, and masculine (Mexican American males)

Metrosexual

man that endorses feminine traits

Gender

The behaviors and characteristics that a culture deems appropriate for males and females. These behavioral patterns may or may not be related to sex and sex roles, although they often are

Gender role

The degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by their culture.

Gender identity

A person’s awareness and sense of self based on their gender or gender role.

Gender stereotypes

The psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with a specific gender

Girlie girl

woman endorses highly feminine traits

Tom boy

woman endorses masculine traits

Gender stereotype differentiation

high and rigid differences between male and female gender roles

culture of honor

when a woman’s chastity is more important than her life; following gender rules to keep honor

sex

The anatomical and biological differences between males and females.

sex roles

The behaviors that a person engages in that are directly related to their anatomical and biological characteristics and the process of reproduction.

sexual identity

A person’s awareness and sense of self based on their sex and sex roles.

transgender

A person’s gender identity is different from the sex assigned at birth.

cis-gender

a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth

genderqueer

people who reject static, conventional categories of gender and embrace fluid ideas of gender (and often sexual orientation), people whose gender identity can be both male and female, neither of these, or a combination of those

non-binary

someone who doesn’t identify exclusively as female/male

Intersex

someone whose biological components don’t conform to a specific sex

intimacy

a state of close, personal familiarity, emotional closeness, or affection between individuals

proximity

nearness or closeness

homosexuality

attraction to the same gender

bisexuality

attraction to both genders

heterosexuality

attraction to the opposite gender

Similarity hypothesis

people similar in age, race, religion, social class, education, intelligence, attitudes, and physical attractiveness tend to form intimate relationships.

Matching hypothesis

people of approx. equal physical characteristics are likely to select each other as partners.

Reciprocity hypothesis

people tend to like others who like them.

General reward theory

people tend to like others who provide them with benefits

cultural decoding rules

Culturally prescribed rules that govern how emotions should be perceived.

emotion antecedents

The events or situations that elicit or trigger an emotion.

cultural display rules

Culturally prescribed rules that govern how universal emotions can be expressed. These rules center on the appropriateness of displaying emotion, depending on social circumstances. Learned by people early in their lives, they dictate how the universal emotional expressions should be modified according to the social situation. By adulthood, these rules are quite automatic, having been very well practiced

facial feedback theory

suggests that our facial expressions directly influence our emotional experiences. Instead of simply smiling because you are happy, the theory proposes that the physical act of smiling can actually make you feel happier, creating a bidirectional relationship between expression and affect

chameleon effect

the subconscious tendency to mimic the mannerisms, speech patterns, postures, or facial expressions of people we interact with

lexicon

The words contained in a language, the vocabulary

pragmatics

The system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.

phonology

The system of rules governing how words should sound (pronunciation, “accent”) in a given language.

phonemes

The smallest and most basic units of sound in a language.

morphemes

The smallest and most basic units of meaning in a language.

semantics

what words mean

signals

The specific words and behaviors that are sent during communication that convey messages.

messages

The meanings that encoders intend to convey and decoders interpret.

honorific speech

Speech styles in certain languages that denote status differences among interactants.

haptics

The use of touch in interpersonal interactions.

high-context cultures

Cultures that promote communication in which many messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in verbal language.

low-context cultures

Cultures that promote direct communication in which messages are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages and the effects of context are minimized.

speech illustrators

Nonverbal behaviors, often gestures, that accompany speech and are used to illustrate or highlight speech.

foreign language processing difficulties

Problems associated with learning a foreign language, such as taking more time to respond and experiencing cognitive difficulties while processing information.

paralinguistic cues

Aspects of the voice that convey information, such as tone, intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence.

emblems

Nonverbal gestures that carry meaning, like a phrase or sentence

syntax and grammar

The system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.

code frame switching

The process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching languages.

in-group advantage

the ability of individuals from a certain culture to recognize the emotions/messages of others of the same cultures relatively better than of those from a different culture