AP Human Geography Unit 4 & 5

Agrarian

characteristic of farmers or their way of life

agribusiness

highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership

agriculture

the cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

aquaculture

the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food

biotechnology

any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives there of, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

cerial grain / stable grains

maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced gains worldwide

collective farms

regards a system of agricultural organization where as farms laborers are not compensated via wages. rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity

commercial agriculture

used to describe large scale farming and racnhing operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology

commodity chains

a sequential process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities and finially distribute them to customers

intensive agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity

extensive agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

crop rotation

the practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exausting the soil

dairying

an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk which may be either processed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventually retail sale

double cropping

a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested

economic activity

the types of jobs that are necessary to have in the world

primary economic activity

(extractive sector) concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment

secondary econmic activity

(manufacturing sector) processing of products and assembling raw minerals

teritiary economic activity

(service sector) provides us with transportation, communication, and utillities

quaternary economic activity

concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of data and capitol

quinary economic activity

require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill

environmental modifications

changes made to the environment

pesticides

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or migrating any pest

fertilizer

any substance, such as manure, or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity

soil erosion

the washing away of soil by the flow of water

shifting cultivation

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

slash - and - burn

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

swidden

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

nomadic herding

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

pastoralism

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

extractive industry

industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth

feedlot

a factory-like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying

first agricultural revolution

dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

food chain

the feeding relationships between species

forestry

the art, science, and practice of studing and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

organisms whose genes have been modified to increase things such as control over it, predictability, and efficiency

globalized agriculture

diffusion of agriculture across the globe

green revolution

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer

horticulture

the art or science of cultivation fruits, vegetables, flowers. or ornamental plants

intertillage

the manual clearing of rows in the field though the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

livestock ranching

a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat

luxury crops

specialized crops not typically not essential to human survival

market gardening

the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegtables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

Mediterranean agriculture

accounts for virtually all olive oil produced worldwide, 60% of wine production, 45% of grape production, 25% of dried nuts, 20% of citrus production, and about 12% of total cereal production

milkshed

a region producing milk for a specific community

monoculture

producing or growing one crop over a wide area

organic agriculture

approach to farming and raching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs

pasture

land covered with grass or herbage and grazed by or suitable for grazing livestock

planned economy

economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services

plantation agriculture

a system of mnoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capitol

primogeniture

system in which the eldest son in a large family (or daughter if necessary) inherits all of the dying parent's land

renewable resource

can be replaced without a long wait time

non-renewable resource

a resource that must be depleted to be used

ridge tillage

contemporary and traditional cropping system in which plants grow on a hill or a band

rural settlement

sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities

dispersed settlements

a type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other

nucleated settlements

a relatively dense settlement form

second agricultural revolution

included improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

specialization

where individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged

spring wheat

wheat planted in the spring

winter wheat

wheat planted in the fall, harvested in spring

subsistence agriculture

self-sufficient agriculture that is smallscale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade

extensive subsistence agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

intensive subsistence agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capitol to increase agricultural productivity

long lots

houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access

metes - and - bounds

uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances to define the bounaries of a perpendicular piece of land

township - and - range

land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range), which are also further divided

sustainable yield

ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of the capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same time, or increasing level over time

third agricultural revolution

mechanization, chemical farming, and food manufacturing

Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastorialists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

truck farm

commercial gardening and fruit farming so named because the word was a middle English word meaning bartering of the exchange of commodities

wet rice

rice grown on arable, wet paddy fields

Annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Allocational/resource boundary dispute

Dispute over location and resources

Antarctica

No one owns it

Antecedent boundary

a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area...

Border landscape

There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border

Buffer state

a small neutral state between two rival powers

Capital

Principle city in a state or country. The best place to locate a capital is at the center of a country, so it is a somewhat equal distance from all parts of the country.

Centrifugal

tending to move away from a center

Centripetal

tending to move toward a center

City-state

a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Colonialism

exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one

Compact state

a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions

Conference of Berlin (1884)

Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies.

Cultural/ethnographic political boundary

boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity

Decolonization

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

Definitional boundary dispute

Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract

Devolution

the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality

Domino theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Exclusive Economic Zone

enerally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

Electoral geography

The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections.

Elongated state

A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.

Enclave

an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it

Ethnic conflict

type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country

European Union

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Exclave

a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.

Federal state

An internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local government.

Forward capital

capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.

Fragmented state

A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts.

Geopolitics

the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state