Chapter 5: Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Polymers built from monomers.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many smaller or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Monomer

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

Dehydration

Polymers are formed through a _______ reaction that forms new bonds between unlinked monomers.

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken through ______ reactions that break bonds.

Dimer

A molecule composed of two monomers.

Trimer

A molecule composed of three monomers.

Cal/1g carbs

4 calories.

Cal/1g proteins

4 calories.

Cal/1g lipids

9 calories.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that can exist in linear and ring forms.

Disaccharide

A sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides.

α-linked; β-linked

_______ are digestible storage molecules (like starch), while _______ are structural and not digestible by humans (like cellulose and chitin).

Nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides that store, transmit, and help express genetic information.

What are the three main parts of a nucleotide?

Base, Sugar, and Phosphate.

Central Dogma

Transcription—>Translation

Peptide bond

The bond formed between amino acids in a polypeptide.

Denaturation

The loss of protein shape, reducing or eliminating function due to factors like pH, heat, or salt.

Phospholipids

Major structural components of cell and organelle membranes.

glycerol, fatty acids and phosphate group

Triglycerides

Fats that exist primarily as three fatty acids linked to glycerol.

Steroids

Lipids composed of four fused rings.

4 macromolecules

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Protein

many functions; catalyzing rxns, transporting substances in/out of cells

Carbs

source of energy and gives structural support

Lipids

hydrophobic diverse molecules that provide energy, make up cell membrane and hormones

Aldose; ketose

if the double bonded O is on the end of a carbon chain it’s an___. If it’s in the middle of a carbon chain it’s _____

Formula for a carb

CH2O

examples of alpha- linked sugars

amylose, glycogen, starch and amylopectin

2 most abundant carbs

cellulose and chitin

DNA vs. RNA

1. double helix/single strand

2. ATGC/AUGC

3. ribose/deoxy ribose

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

4 parts of a protein

1. Amino group

2. carboxyl group

3. R group

4. alpha carbon

3 types of proteins

1. Hydrophobic non polar

2. Hydrophilic Polar

3. Hydrophilic charged

*20 types of R groups*

Levels of Protein Folding

1. simple sequence of amino acids w/ peptide bonds

2. backbone folding (alpha-helix and beta-sheet) hydrogen bonds btwn atoms

3. folding and interaction of side chains

4. multiple polypeptides(subunits) become a functional protein

Functions of Proteins

1. enzymatic activity

2. transport

3. defensive

4. storage

5. hormonal

6. structural

7. receptor

8. Motor

parts of lipid

glycerol

fatty acid chains

Saturated; unsaturated

______ fats have all single bonds and _________has at least one double bond, causing a kink