bio spring exam hard stuff

G1 interphase

cell grows, carries out normal functions, prepares for DNA regulation

S interphase

ensures that each daughter cell will receive complete/identical set of chromosomes

G2 interphase

preperation stage before mitosis

Prophase

cell divides in nucleus/genetic material to form identical daughter cells

Metaphase

all chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in preparation for separation into two daughter cells

Anaphase

sister chromatids pulled apart/ moved to opposite poles of to reform 2 new cells

Cytokenisis

division of cytoplasm/organelles to create 2 new daughter cells

Helicase

undwinds DNA so it can be copied

Primase

synthesizes a short rna primer that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis

DNA polymerase III

synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the end of RNA primer during new strand of DNA

DNA Polymerase I

to remove RNA primers and replace them with DNA

Ligase

seals the gaps to join DNA fragments together

Natural Selection

organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce

Sexual Selection

selection based on traits that increase mating success

Gene Flow

The movement of genes from one population to another.

Genetic Drift

A mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance (sampling error) in the selection of individuals for reproduction.

Initiation

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, DNA unwinds, start RNA synthesis

Elongatiion

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, RNA bases are added, RNA gets longer

Termination

RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal, RNA polymerase lets go , RNA is released

Editing

Extra pieces are removed, some RNA bases may be changed, final touches are added