AP World Unit 5 matching exam

Mexica

Mexica

The name given to themselves by the Aztec people

Triple Alliance

the political and military alliance formed in the early 15th century between three powerful city-states: Tenochtitlan (the capital of the Aztec Empire), Texcoco, and Tlacopan. This alliance was a significant turning point in the history of Mesoamerica, allowing the Mexica to consolidate power, expand their territory, and establish a dominant position in the region.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Chinampas, aka "floating gardens"

Artificial islands created from swamplands that supported a highly productive agriculture.

• High Productivity: The nutrient-rich soil and constant water supply allowed for year-round cultivation, resulting in high crop yields.

• Biodiversity: The diverse ecosystem created by chinampas supported a variety of plant and animal life.

• Environmental Sustainability: Chinampas helped to purify water, prevent erosion, and maintain ecological balance.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god

Quechua

Incan language

Gender Parallelism

describes the gender systems of the Incas and Aztecs in which women and men operated in separate but equivalent spheres./The Inca sapay (ruler) and coya (consort) governed jointly and claimed descent from the sun and the moon respectively.

Sultanate of Delhi

Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206 C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent.

Kabir

Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Trans-Saharan Trade*

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Mansa Musa*

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons

Swahili language

the Arabic language and Bantu language mixed together to from this type of language.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Great Zimbabwe, a cultural heritage site, showcases the advanced civilization and prosperity of the Shona people. Its impressive stone structures, particularly the Great Enclosure, demonstrate remarkable architectural and engineering skills, challenging the colonial narrative of Africa as a "Dark Continent."

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.

Camel caravans

Used to travel across deserts. Fleets in the desert were camel caravans. Fleets usually meant groups on ships.

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Khubilai Khan

Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.

Khutulun

A Mongol princess (ca. 1260-1306) whose exploits in battle and wrestling, along with her choice of husbands, provide insight into the relative freedom and influence of elite Mongol women in their societies.

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde

<b>Definition:</b> Name of conquered Russia.

<b>Significance:</b> Mongols had little to offer in steppe lands so they ruled from outside and exploited Russia. Moscow was the primary center for Mongol domination. Mongols were never actually in Russia.

Filial Piety

• Devotion to family

• Part of Confucianism (Chinese philosophy)

• Confucius said that order in society comes from people following rules and respecting family, elders, etc

It forms a fundamental part of Chinese ethics and societal structure, promoting family harmony and stability.

Imperial Examination System*

Exams based on Confucian teachings given to boys in China Chinese government positions filled with people of talent (bureaucracy of merit) More efficient and sophisticated than Europe and other monarchies

Scholar Gentry*

• Chinese scholars that were seen as high status

• Confucian scholars got highly valued posts in government and were respected

• Scholar Gentry represented a high status group/class in Chinese society

played a crucial role in maintaining social order, promoting Confucian values, and preserving Chinese culture. ⁴ They were highly respected and often held positions of power, even though they did not necessarily come from noble families. ⁵ The scholar-gentry system provided opportunities for social mobility based on merit, rather than birth, and helped to shape the development of Chinese civilization for centuries. ⁶  

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Censorate

part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs

Hangzhou (Song capital)

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

Foot binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Middle Kingdom (China)

Term that ancient China used to refer to themselves. The believed they were the center of the Earth, or the Middle Kingdom.

Kowtow

a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

Tribute System*

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).

Xiongnu

A tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.

Ulama

• Muslim scholars that ruled on Islamic doctrine

• dictated religious rules and also legal rules, as Islam also contained a legal system, called Sharia Law

5 Pillars of Islam

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet2. daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba)

Madrassas

• Any religious school attended by Muslims

• A center for religious and secular learning

• Officials were educated according to Muslim orthodoxy

Sufis

• Islamic mystics (practitioners of Islam) who seek a personal experience with God.

• They played an important role in spreading Islam through their missionary/educational activities 

The hajj

• The pilgrimage to Mecca 

• Every Muslim adult had to make this trip once in their lifetime

• The trip fulfills their spiritual duties

• The Muslims believe The hajj to wipe clean their past sins and start new in front of Allah

• The hajj diffuses ideas, goods, and culture leading to the spread and variety in many places

Baghdad (pg 438)

• Established in 8th century as capital of Abbasid Empire; grew into city of 500k people

• Promoted the production of luxury goods and foreign products

Shi'ite vs Sunni*

Two divisions/branches of Islam Sunni - they should be able to elect their own leaders instead of passing the position down Mohammed’s bloodline. Shi’ite - believes the descendants of Mohammed are the only people who could become the next caliph. Was a major source of conflict between empires (The Sunni Ottomans vs the Shi’ite Safavids)

House of Wisdom

A library in Baghdad that served as a center for learning and collaboration between scholars of different religions Established in the 800s, destroyed in 1258 by Mongols during conquest Contributed to the discoveries that the western civilizations used to thrive on

Pure Land School of Buddhism

A branch of Mahayana Buddhism focused on the devotion to Amitabha Buddha. included faith, trust, and building a personal relationship with Amitabha Buddha widely practiced forms of Buddhism in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam) a realm of peace and enlightenment; where it’s believed to be easier to attain Buddhahood.

An Lushan Rebellion

• Took place in China during the Tang Dynasty.

• December 16, 755 – February 17, 763.

• Rooted in the actions of Emperor Xuanzong.

  • Initially, Xuanzong was a great ruler who brought the Tang Dynasty to its height of prosperity.

  • His infatuation with Yang Guifei, led to the decline of government administration.

  • Yang Guifei abused her influence to fill high-ranking positions with corrupt allies.

• Yang Guifei supported a general who rapidly gained power.

• Yang Guozhong, another figure tied to Yang, became the target of the revolt.

• The uprising was justified as an attempt to punish Yang Guozhong, considered a tormentor.

Significance:

• Weakened Tang Dynasty

• Example of them starting to decline

• Ultimately will get replaced

• Government rises and falls

Pastoralism

• A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

• focused on the herding of animals. (caring & breeding)

• caused the process of desertification and erosion

• Developed in the Middle East, Eurasia, and East Africa

  • Including the Mongols

• The revolution of domestication

Modun

Great ruler of the Xiongnu Empire created a centralized and hierarchical political system between nomadic tribes transforming the society of nomadic tribes and later growing it into a full sized confederation/empire.

Temujin/Chinggis Khan

• Also known as Genghis Khan, he was the founder and the first khan of the Mongol empire.

• He spent most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, and led countless military campaigns across Asia and Europe. 

• His grandson (Kublai Khan) took over his reign after he had passed away, and successfully conquered China.

Columbian Exchange*

• The exchange of disease, culture, food, animals, plants, and populations between the New World and the Old World (connected places and started a global exchange) 

• Followed after the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492

• Caused both negative and positive effects, including population decline (spread of disease) and the disruption of ecosystems in the Americas

Encomienda and Repartimiento

-A system that the Spanish used to forced Native Americans to work
-The natives would ranch or farm for the Spanish lords and the landlords received the rights to the natives' labor from Spanish authority

-replaced the encomienda with the New Laws which mandated the repartimiento system
-the Spaniards were forbidden to require labor or tribute from individual Indians, but were allowed to demand group services of entire Indian villages whose leaders determined individual work assignments

Peninsulares, Creoles, & Mestizos

Peninsulares
-1450-1750 : Descendants of the original conquistadores sought to protect their privileges against immigrant newcomers; Spaniards born in the Americas (creoles) resented the pretension to superiority of those born in Spain
- These people came to Latin America and were of the highest social class

Creoles
--In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Mestizos
-1450 - 1750 : The most distinctive feature of these new colonial societies in mexico and peru was their emergence. they were a mixed - race, population, initially the product of unions between Spanish men and indian women

Spanish Inquisition*

• An order of priests commissioned by the Pope in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

• Wanted to eliminate heresy in the kingdom.

• Catholics ordered Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism, if not they were tortured or put to death

• Negative effects due to the death of 30,000-300,000 deaths

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Peru (1780-1781); revolt of native peoples in the name of the last independent Inca emperor

had a profound impact on the history of Latin America. It inspired other independence movements and highlighted the growing discontent among indigenous populations. Túpac Amaru's legacy continues to be celebrated as a symbol of resistance and indigenous rights.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

had a profound and lasting impact on both Africa and the Americas. It disrupted African societies, leading to the loss of millions of lives and the destruction of communities. In the Americas, the forced labor of enslaved Africans fueled economic growth and development, but it also created a legacy of racial inequality and social injustice that continues to affect societies today.

Cowrie shells

Imported from the Maldives, they served as the medium of exchange in West Africa

Kingdom of Dahomey

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Queen Nzinga

Leader who ruled in Angola and spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders

Trading Post Empires*

• Maritime empires established primarily for commercial purposes

• European powers built fortified trading posts to control trade routes and access valuable goods

Cartaz*

• A pass required by portuguese ships in order to trade in the Indian Ocean

• A naval trade license system used by the Portuguese to control and tax Indian Ocean trade.

• Sixteenth century

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

is considered significant as it was the world's first multinational corporation, effectively controlling the spice trade in Asia for centuries, which allowed the Netherlands to become a major global power by establishing trade routes and colonies across the East Indies

Potosi, Bolivia

During the period, 1500-1800, most of the world's silver was mined in [city], which is located in what is now [country].

Gunpowder empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

played a crucial role in the Ottoman Empire's military expansion and political stability for centuries. They were known for their discipline, bravery, and innovative tactics.

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Millet System*

Established in the 15th century by the Ottomans  Allowed non-Muslim communities to maintain their own legal systems and practices Each millet was led by a religious leader who served as an intermediate between the Ottomans and the non-Muslim communities

Battle of Chaldiran*

• Created the contours of the Middle East

• The ottomans won

• Safavids of Iran wanted to gain control of Eastern Anatolia

• The advanced Ottoman weapons such as canons etc. was a factor on why the Safavids lost with their more traditional weapons

• August 23, 1514

• Significance: The Battle of Chaldiran was a decisive Ottoman victory over the Safavids, strengthening Ottoman control, deepening the Sunni-Shia divide, and highlighting the importance of gunpowder warfare, though the Safavids eventually recovered.

Sati

Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre

Akbar and Aurangzeb*

Two very different leaders of the Mughal empire Akbar: Secular, liberal and tolerant leader Akbar established the separation of state and religion, opening government positions to all religions Aurangzeb: Pious, puritanical, industrious leader Aurangzeb oppressed Hindus, but the empire reached its greatest extent in terms of territory under his rule, enforced Jizya (tax on non-Muslims)

Taj Mahal*

• A mausoleum in India founded by Mughal Emperor Shah Johan in memory of his wife (who died during childbirth)

• Built between 1631 to 1648

• The epitome of Muslim art  and architecture in India 

• Symbolizes eternal love

• Located on the right bank of the river Yamuna in Agra

Jizya

tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

Soft gold

Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it.

Peter the Great*

• Tsar of Russia from 1682-1725 (represented the unified Russia of our Empires Project)

• Peter was a fanboy of Western European culture 

• Peter sought to Europeanize Russia and he suppressed Asian culture/styles

• This was the time of Science and Enlightenment in Europe

Forbidden City*

• Walled section of Beijing where emperors lived, 1121-1924

• Built-in the Ming dynasty

• Represented great art and architecture of Ming China

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Queue* china

• Chinese hairstyle that had to be worn by Han Chinese people

• Showed loyalty to the Qing Dynasty

• Enforced by Manchus in the Qing Dynasty

• Example of government restriction and dictatorship

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

peace settlement between Russia and the Qing empire that checked Russia's eastward expansion

Divine Right of Kings*

• Political document: states that kings were decided by God and not the people

• Showed political significance because it intermingled religion and political power

  • This shows that defying the king was defying God

• Justified the king’s power and maintained the social hierarchy

Enlightenment Ideology*

an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society

Declaration of Independence

Document where English colonies declared their rights to King George III
An inspirational statement that challenged old ideas of Monarchy with Enlightenment Ideals to define a new form of government (A REPUBLIC)

Creoles

The second most powerful social class in Spanish American society who were full blooded Europeans but were born in America
These wealthy and educated people led revolutions in Latin America and replaced the oppressive Peninsulares after the Europeans were removed

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Two Criollo priests that led revolution in Mexico against Spanish rule
represented the poorest people in Mexico and sought true reform that would improve their lives, like land reform

is often called the "Father of Mexican Independence." His "Grito de Dolores" (Cry of Dolores) in 1810 ignited the rebellion against Spanish colonial rule. This call to arms rallied indigenous people and mestizos, challenging the established social and political order.

He continued the fight for independence, establishing a formal government and drafting a constitution that outlined a vision for a free and independent Mexico. Morelos's leadership and strategic military campaigns extended the revolutionary movement.  

Simon Bolivar

A wealthy criollo from Venezuela who was educated in Spain and led revolution in South America against Spanish rule
he hoped for a United States of South America, called "Gran Colombia"
He build republican government that was a mix of hereditary rule and democracy, but he did not trust the masses to fully participate in government

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A document written in revolutionary France (1789) declaring that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"
It was inspired by Enlightenment Ideals and the American Declaration of Independence, and helped launch the French Revolution

Olympe de Gouges

French playwright and poet that appropriated the language of the Declaration of Rights of Man to argue that women were equal to men
While women played an active role in storming the Bastille, __ was part of a small group that campaigned for women's rights

Napoleon Bonaparte

A highly successful general who seized power in France in 1799
is credited with taming the violence of the Reign of Terror in France and with bringing constitutional government to monarchies that he conquered across most of Europe
also named himself emperor for life and ruled France as a dictator who controlled all aspects of French society

Toussaint Louverture

A former slave who learned how to read and write and became a general who effectively led the Haitian Revolution
He was a brilliant tactician who defeated the French and other European nations that wanted to take-over Haiti, but he was captured and died in a French prison

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

The first Head-of-State of the free Black republic of Haiti
He declared all Haitians as free and legally equal regardless of race
He was assassinated before he could complete his term and vision

"Independence debt" (see pg. 781)

France demanded payment for lost colony & slaves
150 million gold Francs
Haiti took out big loans from French, German, & N. American banks > huge drain on the economy
Loan debt consumed 80% of nation's revenue in 1915
Finally repaid loans in 1947

Seneca Falls

Women's rights conference at Seneca Falls, New York (1848)
Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments
The right to vote became a focus

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

One of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention
Wrote about women's rights using the language of the Declaration of Independence

National American Woman Suffrage Association

A women's rights organization in the U.S. with over 2 million members
Shows how the women's rights movement in the Western World (Europe and the U.S.) focused its efforts on getting the right to vote for women

Kartini (vignette pg. 808)

A woman from Java (a Dutch colony in SE Asia - Indonesia)
She was born into an aristocratic family and she was able to get a Western education
She went to school until she was 12
At 12 she was kicked out of school because of traditions that prevented girls from going to school with boys
She taught herself and read at home because her family was wealthy enough to have books
She was forced to marry by her parents, so she was not able to use her education
She died at an early age
Demonstrates the struggles faced by women in traditional societies (cultural and religious expectations provided obstacles that Western women did not have)

Huda Sharawi

Founder of the first feminist organization in Egypt (1923)
Traveled to Europe pursuing the feminist cause
Returned to Egypt and cast her veil in the sea - many other elite Egyptian women followed her lead