IU physiology E1

what is physiology

normal functioning of a living organism and its chemical and physical processes

what are the three emergent properties of physiology

1. Combo & synergism of actions of the components of a system

2. Physiology of the human body > than the sum of the actions of its parts

3. Cells, tissues, & systems are all integrated

parts of an organism from smallest to largest

Molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

what are the four biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are the 5 parts of a cell

membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, organelles, nucleus

what are the 4 primary tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what is exocrine function of the pancreas

produce pancreatic juice

what is endocrine function of the pancreas

secrete insulin and glucagon

what is the teleologic approach to physiology

why something occurs

What is the mechanistic approach in physiology?

how something occurs

what is homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

what are the ten regulated variables of homeostasis

Blood gasses: O2, CO2

Blood solutes: potassium (K+ ), calcium (Ca2+), hydrogen (H+ - pH), glucose

Blood characteristics: arterial pressure, volume, osmolarity

Body temperature

What is pathophysiology?

how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

what is extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

what is intracellular fluid

fluid inside the cell

extracellular fluid example (2)

plasma and interstitial fluid

intracellular fluid example (1)

cytosol

homeostasis maintains constant internal conditions but with (3)

1. Movement of materials: intracellular

2. No net movement (steady state)

3. Disequilibrium

equilibrium maintain constant conditions but with (3)

1. Movement of materials: intracellular

2. No net movement (equal balance)

3. Concentrations are equal between compartments

control system components (4) (in order)

Stimulus & sensor

Integrating center/controller

Output signal

Effector/target cell

stimulus and sensor function

regulated variable is monitored

integrating center function

responds to sensor signal

output signal function

gives directions for response

effector function

produces response to stimuli

control system controls what

local control, paracrine and autocrine agents

where is reflex (long distance) control integrated in the nervous system and what type of chemical communication is there

integrated in the central nervous system

Uses neurotransmitters

where is reflex (long distance) control integrated in the endocrine system and what type of chemical communication is there

integrated in the specialized endocrine glands

uses hormones in extracellular fluid that are transported by the bloodstream

where is reflex control integrated in the neuroendocrine system and what type of chemical communication is there

Integrated in the CNS which then commands the endocrine structure.

Uses neurohormones

what is the negative feedback loop

A negative feedback loop is a system where the output may signal the system to stop changing.

What is a positive feedback loop?

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

maintaining body temperature

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

what is the process of a positive feedback loop (what are the steps) (7)

Setpoint or homeostatic range • Control system • Stimulus/Signal • Sensor • Integrator/Controller • Effector/Target • Response

does a positive feedback loop promote stabilization

no

does a positive feed back loop go towards or away from homeostasis

away

does a negative feedback loop promote stabilization

yes

does a negative feed back loop go towards or away from homeostasis

towards homeostasis

what is feedforward control

Actions due to anticipation of change in a regulated variable

does feedforward control help maintain homeostasis

yes

what systems are involved in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis

endocrine, nervous, circulatory, digestive systems

what is an example of a lipid

triglyceride

what is a monomer to a lipid

fatty acid

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

saturated fats have only single carbon bonds and are solid at room temp, unsaturated has a double CC bond and is liquid at RT

what are the 6 lipid related molecules

eicosanoid, steroid, phospholipid, glycerol, phospholipid, fatty acid

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

how many rings does a trisaccharide have

3

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

what type of bonds do proteins have

peptide bonds

how many amino acids are there

20

how many rings are in an oligosaccharide

3-10

how many rings are in an polysaccharide

10<

how many rings are in glycogen

up to 50,000

# of amino acids in a polypeptide

10-100

# of amino acids in a protein

>100

levels of structure in proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

amino acids are linked together to form which structure of protein

primary

alpha helices are formed from the folding of proteins in which structure

secondary

r-groups are formed in which structure

tertiary

what protein is formed in the quaternary structure

hemoglobin

what is the monomer of a nucleotide

nucleic acid

what is the function of a nucleotide

energy and communication

what are the five bases used in nucleotides

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

Difference between prefixes de- and di-

The prefix de- means "down," "away," or to reverse an action, while the prefix di- usually means "two" or "double"

what are the nucleotide sugars (2)

ribose and deoxyribose

function of DNA

stores genetic information

function of RNA

protein synthesis

do covalent bonds share electrons

yes

do charges attract in noncovalent bonds

yes

how are ions formed

the transferring of electrons

cation charge

+

anion charge

-

do opposite ions (-,+) attract? ie Na Cl

yes

what are hydrogen bonds

slightly positive H attracted

to a slightly negative atom

what is a characteristic of hydrogen bonds

they are polar

what are Vander Waals forces

weak electrical attraction between elements

what effects a molecules shape and function

bonds

what is a solvent

substance that does the dissolving

what is a solute

Substance being dissolved

what is solubility

ability to dissolve

what is a solution

a homogenous mixture of solute and solvent

hydrophilic definition

Attracted to water

hydrophobic definition

water hating, no bond or penetrate

Lipophilic definition

fat loving

Lipophobic definition

fat fearing, cannot penetrate nor bond

amphipathic definition

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic tendancies

pH scale that is used in p225

0-14

acidic pH

0-

neutral pH

7

Basic pH

7

pH of blood

7.34-7.45

what release H+ ions

acids

what release OH- ions

bases

what is the function of a buffer

moderate pH

protein function (9)

enzymes, membrane transport, signal molecules, receptors, binding, immunoglobulins, motor proteins, structural proteins, regulatory

enzyme function

Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.

characteristics of protein function (4)

provide binding sites, allow for specificity in binding, allow reversible binding, create competition for binding sites

what is a ligand

any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

what is a substrate

the substance on which an enzyme acts

what are the characteristics of specificity in protein binding

must have both a positive and negative charge, binding site must fit the ligand (induced fit)

what are the characteristics of reversibility in protein binding

ligand bonding is temporary making the reattachment a necessity. high affinity proteins bond tightly and low bond loosely. equilibrium in the ligand must be maintained throughout the binding process