psych test personality

Locus of control

A person's belief about whether they control outcomes or whether outside forces control them.

Internal locus of control

Belief that your own actions and choices influence what happens to you.

External locus of control

Belief that luck, fate, circumstances, or other people influence what happens to you.

Julian Rotter

Psychologist associated with the concept of locus of control.

Reinforcement

An outcome that follows a behavior and influences future expectations or behavior.

Internal example

“I got an A because I studied hard.”

External example

“I failed because the test was unfair.”

Main idea of Rotter's study

People differ in how much control they believe they have over outcomes.

Rotter's major contribution

Locus of control.

Sandra Bem

Psychologist who developed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.

Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI)

A measure of traditionally masculine and feminine personality characteristics.

Psychological androgyny

Having relatively high levels of both traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics.

Masculine classification

High in traditionally masculine characteristics and lower in traditionally feminine characteristics.

Feminine classification

High in traditionally feminine characteristics and lower in traditionally masculine characteristics.

Androgynous classification

High in both traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics.

Undifferentiated classification

Relatively low in both traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics.

Bem's main idea

Masculinity and femininity do not have to be opposite ends of one single scale.

Example of psychological androgyny

Someone who is both assertive and compassionate.

Year of Bem's study

1974.

Main contribution of Bem's study

Demonstrated that people can possess both traditionally masculine and feminine traits.

Friedman & Rosenman — “Racing Against Your Heart”

Meyer Friedman

Physician/researcher who studied Type A behavior and cardiovascular disease.

Ray Rosenman

Physician/researcher who worked with Friedman on Type A behavior.

Type A behavior pattern

A pattern involving competitiveness, achievement striving, time urgency, impatience, and hostility/aggressiveness.

Type B behavior pattern

A generally less time-urgent and less competitive behavioral style.

Time urgency

Feeling that there is never enough time and that tasks must be completed quickly.

Type A and cardiovascular disease

Friedman and Rosenman investigated an association between Type A behavior and cardiovascular problems.

Coronary heart disease

A major cardiovascular condition examined in this research.

Hostility

An aspect of Type A behavior that later research particularly examined in relation to health.

Year of Friedman & Rosenman's study

1959.

Main idea of the study

Certain patterns of behavior may be associated with cardiovascular health.

Triandis — “The One, the Many”

Harry Triandis

Psychologist associated with research on individualism and collectivism.

Individualism

A cultural orientation emphasizing personal goals, independence, individual choice, and personal identity.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation emphasizing group goals, relationships, obligations, harmony, and interdependence.

Independent self

Viewing yourself primarily as a distinct individual with your own goals and characteristics.

Interdependent self

Viewing yourself in terms of your relationships and connections with other people.

In-group

A group that a person identifies with and feels connected to.

Individualistic orientation example

“I should make the decision that is best for me.”

Collectivistic orientation example

“I should consider what is best for my family/group.”

Triandis study year

1988.

Main idea of Triandis's study

Culture influences how people understand themselves and their relationships with groups.

Rotter

Locus of control

Internal

“I control my outcomes.”

External

“Outside forces control my outcomes.”

Bem

Psychological androgyny

BSRI

Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Androgynous

High in both masculine and feminine traits

Friedman & Rosenman

Type A behavior

Type A

Competitive + achievement-oriented + time-urgent

Type B

Less competitive + less time-urgent

Type A research

Behavior and cardiovascular health

Triandis

Individualism vs. collectivism

Individualism

Independent self + personal goals

Collectivism

Interdependent self + group goals

In-group

Group you identify with

Rotter

Control

Bem

Masculine/Feminine

Friedman & Rosenman

Heart

Triandis

Culture