Anatomy, Physiology, and Body Systems Review

Flashcards covering body systems, anatomy vs. physiology, relative position terminology, and anatomical planes and regions from the provided lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the structures of the human body.

Digestive System

Breaks down food for absorption of nutrients by the body; major organs include the esophagus, stemach, and intestines.

Circulatory System

Transports oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and removes waste products; major organs include the heart and blood vessels.

Reproductive System

Enables production of offspring; major organs include the testes, scrotum, Ovaries, and uterus.

Integumentary System

Protects, eliminates wastes, helps regulate body temperature; major organs include the layers of skin.

Lymphatic System

Returns body fluids to the bloodstream; includes lymphatic vessels and nodes.

Respiratory System

Delivers oxygen to, and removes carbon dioxide from, the blood; includes lungs, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

Muscular System

Pumps the heart, helps move materials through the digestive tract, and moves the body; consists of Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal muscle.

Skeletal System

Supports the body, protects organs, and produces blood cells; includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones; major organs include the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thymus.

Excretory System

Removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood; major organs include the kidneys and bladder.

Nervous System

Recieves, and interprets sensery input, directs body movements, includes memory, emotions and cognition; includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Superior

A part that is above another part; for example, the nose is superior to the mouth.

Inferior

A part that is below another part; for example, the chin is inferior to the forehead.

Anterior/Ventral

Toward the front; for example, features of your face are on the anterior surface of your bedad.

Posterior/Dorsal

Toward the back; for example, the vertebral column is posterior to the Sternum.

Medial

A position that is closer to the imaginary midline of the body; for example, eyes are medial to ears.

Lateral

Describes a position that is farther away from midline; for example, ears lateral te eyes.

Proximal

Refers to the part closer to the point of attachment to the body; for example, the knee is proximal to calf.

Distal

Part farther away from the point of attachment; for example, the wrist is distal to the arm.

Longitudinal

Cuts, planes, or sections along the long axis.

Cross, transverse, or horizontal

Cuts, planes, or sections across the long axis.

Coronal/Frontal Cut

The plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

Transverse/Horizontal Cut

The plane that divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves

Abdominal Quadrants

The four divisions including the right upper quadrant (containing the liver), left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant (containing the appendix), and left lower quadrant.

Abdominal Regions

The nine divisions of the abdominal cavity: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac.

Axial Portion

The head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular portion

The arms, legs, and attachments

Sagittal Plane

The plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves

When using the terms RIGHT and LEFT to describe the location of a feature or structure we are referencing…

The person’s right or left

Midsagittal plane

The plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves

Frontal

Forehead

Cranial

Skull

Orbital

Eye

Buccal

Cheek

Otic

Ear

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Acromial

Shoulder

Brachial

Upper arm

Antecubical

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Digital, phalangeal

Fingers

Thoracic

Chest

Mammillary

Breast

Axillary

Armpit

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Coxal

Hip

Pelvic

Pelvis

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Pubis

Femoral

Thigh

Patella

Kneecap

Crural

Lower leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Pedal

Foot

Digital, phalanges

Toes

Cephalic

Head

Dorsal

Back

Lumbar

Loin

Sacral

Sacrum

Cubital

Elbow

Gluteus

Buttock

Femur

Thigh

Popliteal

Back knee

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel

Plantar

Sole

What is the anatomical name for the different “spaces” in your body that contain certain organs?

Cavities

Functions of a body cavity include:

Allowing organs to change shape and size, protecting organs within the cavity

When describing the dorsal cavity, you would say the dorsal cavity is on the ___ part of a human body.

Posterior, back

The cranial cavity is in the ___ body cavity and contains the ___

Dorsal, brain

The thoracic cavity is ___________ compared to the abdominopelvic cavity

Superior

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by a flat muscle called the 

Diaphragm

The pleural cavity contains:

Lungs

What organ(s) can be found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, and most large intestine