AP Modern World History Chapter 10 and 11

Astrolabes

navigational instrument for determining latitude

Cross staffs

Device that sailors used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon

Volta do mar

"Return through the sea", a 15th century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents

Christopher Colombus

1451-1506 CE Italian explorer and navigator who made four transatlantic voyages to the islands off North America, which in turn opened the way for European colonization of the Americas

Taíno

a Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Colombus

Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Maghãles)

1450-1521 CE Portuguese explorer famous for organizing the first circumnavigation of the globe (by ship, from 1519-1522)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Promoted exploratory voyages in Africa to enter gold trade, find profitable trade routes, gain intelligence on the extent of Muslim power, win converts to Christianity, and make alliances against the Muslims with any Christian rulers he might find

Bartholomeu Dias

a Portuguese mariner and explorer. In 1488, he became the first European navigator to round the southern tip of Africa and to demonstrate that the most effective southward route for ships lies in the open ocean, well to the west of the African coast.

Columbian Exchange

Global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens occuring after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European Mariners

Links between different lands permanently altered the world’s human geography and natural environment

Manila

City in modern Phillipines, and formerly capital of the Spanish colony of the Philippines, founded in 1565.

Afonso d’Alboquerque

1453–1515 C.E. Commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean in the early sixteenth century. He was responsible for seizing Hormuz, Goa, and Malacca, which allowed the Portuguese to control Indian Ocean trade.

Joint-Stock Companies

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.

East India Company

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.

United East India Company

Dutch joint-stock company, also known as VOC

Java

An island in modern Indonesia, and formerly home to the capital of the Dutch East Indies at the city of Batavia (modern Jakarta), founded 1619.

Siberia

Region to the east of Russia in northeastern Europe, which was conquered by the Russians between 1581 and 1639.

Seven Years’ War

A global conflict that involved most of the European great powers and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. Other concurrent conflicts include the French and Indian War, the Carnatic Wars, and the Anglo-Spanish War.

Martin Luther

1485-1546. German monk and Catholic priest who became a critical figure in what became known as the Protestant Reformation after challenging the corruption of the church in his Ninety-Five Theses, published 1517

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced printing to Europe with his invention of mechanical moveable type printing.

Diffused from his home in Germany to many other cities throughout Europe

Catholic Reformation

Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits

Council of Trent

1545-1563. Assembly of high Roman Catholic church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve the preparation of priests

St. Thomas Aquinas

 Defined elements of Roman Catholic theology in detail. Acknowledged how past issues alienated people from church and took steps to reform

St. Ignatius Loyola

1491-1556 C.E. A Basque nobleman and soldier who later devoted his life to religion and founded the missionary Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

Society of Jesus

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathens

Witch Hunts

Period in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which about 110,000 people (mainly women) were tried as witches in western Europe

Carolingian

Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne.

Hasburgs

The family that dominated the Holy Roman Empire. Through marriage alliances w/ royal families, they accumulated rights/titles to lands in/out of Europe

Charles V

• Inherited many lands, became emperor, and acquired more lands. Authority stretched from Austria-Peru

• did not extend authority throughout Europe or establish lasting imperial legacy

• Had to devote a lot of attention to Lutheran movement/imperial princes who took advantage of religious controversy to gain power. So, did not build administrative structure, ruled according to lands laws/customs

• Drew finances from wealthy lands to maintain powerful army, but did not expand with it, only put out rebellions

Spanish Inquisition

Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam.

English Civil War

1642–1649. A series of armed conflicts between the English crown and the English Parliament over political and religious differences.

Glorious Revolution

1688–1689. The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William of Orange.

Absolutism

Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example.

Richelieu

A powerful member of the clergy and the prime minister to Louis XIII during his reign as king (in France). He had a large part in the Thirty Years’ War and worked to remove Protestants and the feudal nobility from power, creating a centralized, unified state that responded only to the king. He helped establish the absolutist state that France was

Versailles

Palace of French King Louis XIV.

Louis XIV

1638–1715 C.E. Also known as the Sun King, his seventy-two-year reign was the longest of any monarch in European history.

Romanovs

Russian dynasty (1610–1917) founded by Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II.

Peter the Great

Reigned 1682–1725. Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to modernize Russia based on the model established by western European states.

Catherine the Great (Catherine II)

1729–1796 C.E. She was the longest-serving female ruler of Russia (from 1762 to 1796). She came to power by overthrowing her husband, Peter III, in a coup.

Yemelian Pugachev

Former soldier who mounted an uprising and raised army that killed government officials and nobles during the reign of Catherine the Great

Peace of Westphalia

• Laid foundation for system of independent, competing states

• Entrusted political/diplomatic affairs to states’ own interests. No religious unity 

• Did not end wars, as they remained constant. Most conflicts were minor, like monarchs trying to extend or reclaim territory, but those conflicts still interrupted economies and drained resources

Capitalism

An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market.

Joint-Stock Companies

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.

Protoindustrialization

Also called the “putting- out system,” in which entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to families in the countryside, who would then spin and weave the materials into garments. The entrepreneurs would then pick up the garments, pay the families, and sell them on the market.

Serfs (serfdom)

Peasants who, though not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked.

Nicolaus Copernicus

1473–1543 C.E. Polish astronomer who theorized that the Sun, rather than the Earth, lay at the center of the universe.

Ptolemaic universe

The model for the universe, put forth by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy, that had the Earth at the center, with the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving around it.

Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, and philosopher who was the first to say that orbits were elliptical

Galileo Galilei

1564–1642 C.E. Italian astronomer, engineer, and physicist from the town of Pisa, whose observations had a huge impact on the development of modern science.

Émelie du Châtelet

A French philosopher who stablished a reputation as a scientist. She translated Newton’s work and explained/transformed his work