NeuroMuscular System Score builders flash cards

What is akinesia?

The inability to initiate movement; commonly seen in Parkinson's disease

What is asthenia?

Generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

What is ataxia?

inability to perform coordinated movements

What is athetosis?

A condition characterized by involuntary movements

How is athetosis described in terms of posture?

It is described as instability of posture

What distinguishes athetosis in terms of central and peripheral movements?

Peripheral movements occur without central stability

What is bradykinesia?

Movement that is very slow

What is chorea?

Movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary

What is the Clasp-Knife Response?

A form of resistance observed in hypertonic joints where the greatest resistance is felt at the beginning of the range of motion and decreases as the joint moves through the range.

When does the Clasp-Knife Response occur?

During the range of motion of a hypertonic joint.

What is clonus?

A characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion; involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

What does clonus indicate?

It indicates an upper motor neuron lesion and involves involuntary alternating spasmodic contractions of a muscle triggered by a quick stretch reflex

What is cogwheel rigidity?

A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality to it; often seen with Parkinson's disease

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

The inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

What is dysmetria?

The inability to control the range of movement and the force of muscular activity

What is dystonia?

Closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles

What is fasciculation?

A muscular twitch caused by random discharge of a lower motor neuron and its muscle fibers

What does fasciculation suggest?

Lower motor neuron disease, but can also be benign

What is hemiballismus?

An involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

What is Kinesthesia?

The ability to perceive the direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

What is lead pipe rigidity?

A form of rigidity characterized by uniform and constant resistance to range of motion

What is lead pipe rigidity often associated with?

Lesions of the basal ganglia

What is Rigdity?

A state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specified joint

What is a tremor?

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements

What causes a tremor?

Basal ganglia lesion

How are tremors classified?

There are various classifications based on specific etiology

What is Agonistic Reversals (AR)?

Isotonic contraction performed against resistance followed by concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance.

What is Alternating Isometrics (AI)?

Isometric contractions are performed alternating from muscles on one side of the joint to the other side without rest.

What is Contract-Relax (CR)?

Extremity reaches point of limitation the pt performs a maximal contraction of the antagonistic muscle ground, therapist resists movement for either to ten seconds with relaxation to follow.

What is Hold-relax (HR)?

Contraction is facilitated for all muscle groups at the limiting point in the ROM. Relaxion occurs and the extremity move through the newly acquired range.

What is Hold-Relax Active Movement (HRAM)?

extremity is passively placed into a shortened range, upon relaxation extremity is immediately moved to lengthened position with quick Strech, pt is then asked to return extremity to shortened position in isotonic contraction.

What is Joint Distraction?

consistent manual traction is provided slowly and usually combination with mobilization techniques.

What is Normal- Timing (NT)?

proximal components are restricted until the distal components are activated and initiated movement.

What is Repeated Contractions (RC)?

repeated contractions used to initiate a movement pattern, the therapist provides a quick stretch followed by a isometric or isotonic contractions.

What is Resisted Progression (RP)?

Resistance is applied to an area such as the pelvis, hips or extremity during the gait cycle in order to enhance coordination, strength or endurance.

What is Rhythmic Initiation (RI)?

movement progresses from passive (let me move you) to active assistive (help me move you) to slightly resistive (move against the resistance), slow and rhythmical to reduce the hypertonia and allow for full ROM

What is Rhythmic Stabilization (RS)?

Isometric contraction of all muscles around a joint against progressive resistance, pt shoulder relax and move into the newly acquired range and repeat technique.

What is Rhythmical Rotation (RR)?

A passive technique used to decrease hypertonia by slowly rotating an extremity around the longitudinal axis. Relaxation of the extremity will increase ROM.

What is Slow Reversal (SR)?

Slow and resisted concentric contractions of agonist and antagonists around a joint without rest between reversals.

What is Slow Reversal Hold (SRH)?

Using Slow reversal with the addition of an isometric contraction that is performed at the end of each movement in order to gain stability.

What is Timing for Emphasis (TE)?

Isotonic and isometric contractions produce overflow to weak muscles.

What is agnosia?

The inability to interpret information

What is agraphesthesia?

The inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin

What is agraphia?

The inability to write due to a lesion within the brain.

How is agraphia typically found?

In combination with aphasia.

What is apraxia?

The inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities.

What distinguishes apraxia from sensory or motor impairments?

There is no sensory or motor impairment that would hinder completion of the task.

What is astereognosis?

The inability to recognize objects by sense of touch

What is body schema?

Understanding of the body as a whole

What does body schema involve?

Understanding the relationship of body parts to the whole

What is Decerebrate rigidity?

A characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in extension of the trunk and all extremities

What is Diplopia?

Double vision

What is dysarthria?

Slurred and impaired speech due to a motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech

What is dysphagia?

The inability to properly swallow

What is homonymous hemianopsia?

The loss of the right and left half of the field of vision in both eyes

What is perseveration?

The state of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task without purpose

What is verbal perseveration?

The state of repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose

What is synergy?

Mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage

What is unilateral neglect?

The inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion.

Which side is most commonly neglected in left-sided neglect?

The right side, with a lesion to the right inferior parietal or superior temporal lobes.

What is a complete lesion?

A lesion to the spinal cord where there is no preserved motor or sensory function below the level of lesion

What happens in a complete lesion?

There is no preserved motor or sensory function below the level of lesion

What is an incomplete lesion?

A lesion to the spinal cord with incomplete damage to the cord.

What are the possible outcomes of an incomplete lesion?

There may be scattered motor function, sensory function, or both below the level of the lesion.

What is Anterior Cord Syndrome?

It results from compression and damage to the anterior part of the spinal cord or anterior spinal artery.

What causes Anterior Cord Syndrome?

It is usually caused by cervical flexion.

What are the main symptoms of Anterior Cord Syndrome?

Loss of motor function and pain and temperature sense below the lesion due to damage of the corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts.

What is Brown-Sequard's Syndrome?

It is a condition caused by a stab wound that results in hemisection of the spinal cord.

What are the symptoms of Brown-Sequard's Syndrome?

Paralysis and loss of vibratory and position sense occur on the same side as the lesion, while loss of pain and temperature sense occurs on the opposite side of the lesion.

Where do cauda equina injuries occur?

Below the L1 spinal level

What are the characteristics of cauda equina injuries?

Flaccidity, areflexia, and impairment of bowel and bladder function

Are cauda equina injuries typically complete or incomplete?

Frequently incomplete due to the large number of nerve roots in the area

Are cauda equina injuries considered central or peripheral nerve injuries?

Peripheral nerve injuries

What is Central Cord Syndrome?

Incomplete lesion resulting from compression and damage to the central portion of the spinal cord.

What causes Central Cord Syndrome?

Usually cervical hyperextension that damages the spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, and dorsal columns.

How does Central Cord Syndrome affect the extremities?

The upper extremities are more involved than the lower extremities, and there are greater motor deficits compared to sensory deficits.

What is Posterior Cord Syndrome?

A relatively rare syndrome caused by compression of the posterior spinal artery.

What are the main sensory deficits in Posterior Cord Syndrome?

Loss of pain perception, proprioception, two-point discrimination, and stereognosis.

How is motor function affected in Posterior Cord Syndrome?

Motor function is preserved.

What demographic has a higher risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Males

At what age range does ALS commonly occur?

Between 40-70 years of age

How does weakness typically progress in ALS?

From distal to proximal

What is the average course of diagnosis for ALS?

2-5 years

What percentage of ALS patients survive longer than 5 years?

Roughly a quarter

Who is more commonly affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Females

What age group is most commonly affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

35-55 years of age

Which muscle shows atrophy in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Abductor pollicis brevis muscle

What tests can assist in confirming the diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Electromyography studies, Tinel's sign, Phalen's test

What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

Considered a peripheral nerve injury resulting from damage and loss of function involving two or more nerves of the cauda equina.

What are the causes of Cauda Equina Syndrome?

May result from compression on the cauda equina nerve roots due to spinal structure pathology, trauma, infectious conditions, tumor, or iatrogenic factors.

Is Cauda Equina Syndrome self-limiting?

Yes, it is a self-limiting condition. However, the longer a patient is symptomatic prior to intervention, the less likely the patient is to achieve a complete recovery.

What are the two main types of cerebral palsy based on the areas of damage?

Spastic cerebral palsy (upper motor neuron damage) and athetoid cerebral palsy (basal ganglia damage)

What are some common clinical presentations of cerebral palsy?

Motor delays, abnormal muscle tone and motor control, reflex abnormalities, poor postural control, and balance impairments

What additional conditions are often associated with cerebral palsy?

Intellectual disability and epilepsy (present in 50-60% of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy)

What are the types of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?

Ischemic stroke (thrombus, embolus, lacunar) and hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral, subdural, subarachnoid)

What are the common symptoms of Left CVA?

Weakness or paralysis on the right side, impaired processing, heightened frustration, aphasia, dysphagia, and motor apraxia

What are the common symptoms of Right CVA?

Weakness or paralysis on the left side, poor attention span, impaired awareness and judgement, spatial deficits, memory deficits, emotional lability, and impulsive behavior

What are some clinical manifestations of Down Syndrome?

Hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, Simian line (palmar crease), epicanthal folds, enlargement of the tongue, developmental delay

How is medical management of Down Syndrome typically approached?

It is a team approach that requires lifelong intervention aimed at achieving maximum potential and level of function

Why is exercise important for children with Down Syndrome?

To avoid inactivity and obesity